A Preliminary Study on the Cultivation of Chinese Sturgeons
In recent years, the contradiction between the supply and demand of China's unique Chinese sturgeon seedlings has been very prominent, resulting in a large number of overseas seedlings and seedlings influxing into the domestic market. This has not only brought a huge impact on the domestic soft-shelled turtle market, but also caused great pollution to the Chinese sturgeon germplasm resources. Therefore, the issue of how to promote the construction of the original fine seed production system to ensure the stability of the Chinese wolfberry traits and the safety of resources is placed in front of our scientists and producers. In order to cultivate authentic Chinese sturgeon, we have conducted useful explorations in this area for several years. The following is a report of the research on the technology of intimacy cultivation over the past few years.
1 Breeding
1.1 The development of different parental lines prevents the occurrence of inbreeding in the future production process. Considered from the time of purchase. From August to September 1992, 4000 juveniles were purchased from four breeding farms in Gucheng, Pingshan and Jingxian, and were reared in 4 groups. From August 1992 to June 1993, it was raised indoors and raised. From June 1993 to March 1994, it was kept in outdoor open-air ponds. In April 1994, four groups of pro-family males and females of different parentages were raised in a plastic greenhouse insulation pool. By May 1995, the body weight of three pro-chondroids had reached more than 0.75 kg. A total of nearly 800 high-quality parents were selected, which accounted for about 20% of their rearing.
1.2 The establishment of a mating and mating file to the spawning season places the male and female parents of different kinships into a pool, mating and spawning, and rearing their offspring. The strain was selected as a back-breeding parent for its strong physique, fast growth, and strong disease resistance. After strict control, close relatives are effectively avoided. In the process of inbreeding, abnormal eggs are rarely found. The fertilization rate and hatching rate all reached more than 90%, and the growth rate of juvenile clams was much higher than that of out-dwelling clams.
2 Intensive cultivation
2.1 The selection of high-quality feed is the material basis for the growth and development of alfalfa. The selection of high-quality feed is the key to the culture. The feed used in the early stages of construction was prepared by ourselves.
Crude protein content is about 45%. In 1995, the trial of purchased feeds achieved good results.
On August 19, 1994, 4,000 babies entered the pool, and the average stocking density was 19.5 per square meter. The average weight of the fish entering the pond was 4.5 grams. It was fully artificially temperature-controlled and aquaculture was carried out. It was discharged at the beginning of August 1995, and after three times of pooling, Adjust stocking density. The whole farming process uses my field homemade feed. A total of 2,500 fish ponds were released, with a total weight of 1075.2 kg. The average weight was 420 grams. The survival rate was 64%. The total consumption of feed was 3763.2 kg, and the feed coefficient was 3.5. The feed cost was 20.3 yuan/kg.
On August 20th, 1996, there were 10,000 babies in the pool, an average weight of 5.0 grams, and a stocking density of 20 per square meter. The whole artificial breeding process was used for breeding. The whole breeding process was also carried out after three times of pond digging. All the animals were used during the rearing period. Purchased feed, out of the pond in early September 1997, a total of 8250 ponds, total weight 6100 kg, average weight 739.4 grams, the largest individual 1100 grams, individuals more than 750 grams accounted for 68%, 600 grams less than 20%, the survival rate of 82.5 %, 11163 kilograms of feed was consumed, the feed coefficient was 1.83, and feed cost was 20.6 yuan/kilogram.
In April 1993, 2100 of the reserve intimacy with a body weight of more than 500 grams was placed in the pro-fat pool, with a ratio of 4:1 male and female, a stocking density of 1 per square meter, and spawning from June to August 1994. A total of 1.2 eggs were laid. Million grains, on average, each quail spawned 1-2 nests, spawning volume was 5.7 per nest, the average egg weight was less than 4 grams, the hatching rate of quail eggs was 91%, postpartum and after the spring of the following year a total of 400 dead relatives were killed. The survival rate after birth is 80%. The entire process was fed into the feed that I prepared on my own.
In April 1996, we selected 1,500 inbreeders weighing about 500 grams and raised them using out-of-stock feeds. Its stocking density and proportion of males and females are similar to those of the previous group. In June-August 1997, eggs were laid, and 53,000 eggs were laid. On average, 35.3 eggs were produced per quail, and the average egg weight was 5.2 grams. The hatching rate of quail eggs reached 94.5%.
2.2 Strict prevention and control of disease prevention is the guarantee for successful breeding. With the development of breeding industry, especially in the case of artificially heated high-density intensive cultivation, the disease is more serious and often causes significant losses to the breeding farm. We have arrested the prevention and control work from a construction site. (1) Disinfect the pond. Before dipping into the pool, rinse the dike bowl and disinfect the body of water and the bottom of the pool with quicklime. After filling the water, use 2ppm bleach to disinfect the pool water. (2) Carcass disinfection. Before jug into the pool, dip with 25% 5% saline and 5ppm malachite green for 10-15 minutes; use 50-20g of potassium permanganate or 5% salt solution for 15-20 minutes before dipping into the pool. . (3) Regular disinfection during the feeding process. After bleaching into the pool, bleaching powder and quicklime shall be sprayed alternately every 10-15 days to achieve the dual functions of disinfection and water quality regulation. (4) Feed the drug feed regularly. In the high incidence of rickets every half a month feeding a drug feed, every 2-3 days. Feeding once a month for 3 days at a non-high incidence period. (5) Remove residual materials in time to reduce water pollution. After taking these measures, the incidence of rickets is controlled at about 20%.
2.3 Regulating the ecological environment
2.3.1 Adjust water quality. Water is the environment where fish live, and under artificially heated culture conditions, the water temperature is high, the water is small, the amount of feed is large, and the stocking density is high, and the water quality is easily deteriorated. When the water quality deteriorates, it often results in oxygen deprivation, NH3 and other harmful gases increase rapidly, harmful pathogens increase, and the incidence rate increases. In severe cases, acute poisoning of earthworms may occur, resulting in a pan-pool. We mainly adopt the following water control measures. (1) Change the bottom sand every two years to keep the bottom clean. (2) The warming pool changes the water 1/5-1/3 every 5-7 days. (3) Sprinkle bleach or quicklime alternately every 10-15 days. (4) Properly plant some aquatic plants such as duckweed and so on. (5) The water quality is found to be aging and changing water at any time. Through the above control measures, the transparency of the water body is maintained at about 30 cm.
2.3.2 Control water temperature and room temperature. Our field adopts all-artificial heating, plastic greenhouses to extend the growth period and open-tank natural temperature breeding combined breeding. General artificial temperature-controlled culture is adopted during the general nursery stage. Chengyu and Qinxi use plastic greenhouses to incubate and breed, and the reserve inbreds are bred at natural temperatures. The whole artificial breeding depends on boiler heating, and the water temperature is controlled at 301°C and room temperature at 281°C.
3 Discussion
3.1 Breeding of improved varieties is imperative. With the in-depth development of the breeding industry, the market competition has become increasingly fierce, who can grasp the quality of finished products, can reduce costs through scientific management, and who has a strong ability to control the market, the greater the grasp of winning. The key to improving product quality is to improve the germplasm of alfalfa and strengthen the selection and breeding of good varieties. Some of the earlier start-ups and larger-scale venues have seen phenomena such as high malformation rates, decreased resistance to disease, slow growth rates, too small sexual maturity, and poor quality of finished products. Due to the importance we attach to the selection and breeding of improved varieties, we have produced finished products with thick skirts and bright and shiny backs, which are close to natural growth and are very popular with consumers. The ex-factory price of finished products can reach 200 yuan/kg. The fertile broodstock grown in my field has a high spawning rate, a large amount of eggs laid, a strong juvenile resistance to disease, and a fast growth rate, which has achieved good economic benefits. Over the past few years, a total of 12,000 pro-gamers have been sold, and the purchase of farms has reflected good feedback from our factory. The sale of 90,000 children and nurses reflects the rapid growth rate.
3.2 Scientific management. Self-breeding is an effective way to reduce costs. From the actual results of two batches of nymphs reared in 1994 and 1996 (see Table 2), Group II uses 77.2 yuan per kilogram of aphid breeding cost due to the use of high-quality feed and disease prevention drugs. Yuan Ji. The Group I used this field to produce feed and conventional drugs to prevent disease, and its cost per kilogram of aphid culture was 89 yuan. The difference between the cost of breeding in the two groups was 16.5 yuan. The reason for the analysis was that the main reason for the increase in costs was the survival rate. In group I, since survival was only 64%, the cost of breeding alone accounted for 50% of the cost, while in group II, the survival rate increased to 82.5%, and the cost of breeding was only 22%. If the management can be further strengthened to increase the survival rate, the cost of adult breeding can be further reduced.
From the analysis of the aquaculture cost of the two groups, even if more scientific breeding techniques are used, the seedling cost will account for at least 20% of the total cost (according to the current sales price of about 10 yuan). With a cost of less than RMB 5/piece, coupled with a reduction in transportation losses, it is possible that the cost of breeding can be further reduced by about 10%. From the perspective of actual production results, the survival rate of juveniles purchased from foreign countries is about 80%, and the survival rate of self-cultivation and breeding can reach 95% or more.
3.3 The disease prevention technology needs to be further studied. In the past few years, we have learned that rickets are still a major problem that hampers the breeding industry. Because the research work on diarrhea prevention and control lags behind the production practice, it is difficult to grasp the characteristics and rules of occurrence of rickets. The diagnosis of rickets is more difficult and there is no easy way. The treatment of rickets is poorly targeted and the treatment effect is not ideal. Especially some common and frequently-occurring diseases. In order to prevent and treat disease, often large doses and frequent use of drugs, not only raise the cost of breeding, my field for the prevention of disease drugs accounted for 6-7% of the total cost, but also destroyed the ecological environment. In order to ensure the healthy development of the breeding industry, the disease prevention and control technology should be studied in depth.
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