Soil improvement methods and precautions
Some farmers ask how to improve the soil. Generally speaking, soil improvement can be used to grow fat and tender vegetables. Soil improvement is aimed at the poor texture and structure of the soil, and corresponding physical, biological or chemical measures are taken to improve soil traits. To improve soil fertility, increase crop yields, and improve the process of human survival in the soil environment, let's take a look at the key points of soil improvement.
First, soil improvement technology
Soil structure improvement
Soil structure improvement is through the application of natural soil amendments (such as humic acids, cellulose, biogas residue, etc.) and artificial soil amendments (such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, etc.) to promote the formation of soil aggregates and improve soil. Structure, improve fertility and fixed topsoil, protect soil tillage, and prevent soil erosion.
2. Saline-alkali improvement
The improvement of saline-alkali land is mainly through the desiccant technology, the well irrigation technology and the biological improvement technology of the dry land in the saline-alkali soil area.
3. Acidified soil improvement
Acidified soil improvement is to control the emission of carbon dioxide from exhaust gas, to stop the development of acid rain or to add soil amendments such as sodium carbonate and nitrate to the acidified soil to improve soil fertility, increase soil water permeability and gas permeability.
4. Soil heavy metal pollution improvement
The improvement of soil heavy metal pollution is mainly to take biological measures and improvement measures to extract heavy metals from the soil, enrich and transport them to the harvestable parts of the plants or to apply amendments to the contaminated soil to oxidize, reduce, precipitate and adsorb heavy metals. , inhibition and antagonism.
Second, the soil improvement process
1. Soil conservation stage
In the soil conservation stage, engineering or biological measures are taken to control the amount of soil loss within the allowable loss. If the soil loss is not controlled, soil improvement cannot be carried out. For the cultivation of soil, farmland basic construction is first required.
2. Soil reform stage
The purpose of the soil improvement phase is to increase soil organic matter and nutrient content, improve soil properties, and improve soil fertility. The soil improvement measures are mainly to grow legume green manure or to apply more farmyard manure. When the soil is too sandy or too sticky, sand-adhesive blending can be used. Phosphorus in the eroded soil in the acid red-yellow soil region of southern China is scarce, and phosphate fertilizer must be applied when planting green manure crops.
Third, soil improvement methods
1. Planned rotation
Reasonably arrange different vegetables, and try to consider the type of family of different vegetables, the depth of roots, the characteristics of fertilizer absorption and the acidity and alkalinity of secretions.
2. Regular soil disinfection
1 Pharmacy method: It can be sterilized by formalin mixed soil or fumigation with sulfur powder.
2 Daylight method: During the summer leisure period, the film is removed, the soil is turned deep, and the ultraviolet rays in the sunlight are used for sterilization.
3 high temperature method: high temperature season, after irrigating the shed, it can also be used to sterilize the soil by means of hot steam.
4 freezing method: cold winter, remove the unprotected protective land, deepen the soil, and freeze the dead eggs.
3. Improve soil texture
1 After the vegetables are harvested, turn the soil and turn the lower layer of soil with less salt to the layer and mix thoroughly with the topsoil.
2 Appropriate application of decomposed organic fertilizer to increase soil organic matter content.
3 For soils with excessive salt content or low pH in the topsoil, fertile soil can be used instead.
4 Those who are permitted by economic and technical conditions can carry out soilless cultivation.
4. Salt draining with water
1 In the leisure time, water is poured, and the salt accumulated in the topsoil is dripped to reduce the concentration of the soil solution.
2 Summer vegetables for the gap, remove the film rain or flood irrigation. The soil surface salt is lost or leached into the deep soil with rainwater.
5. Scientific fertilization
1 According to soil nutrient status, fertilizer type and vegetable fertilizer characteristics, determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer or fertilization method, formula fertilization, apply organic fertilizer, rationally apply NPK fertilizer, chemical fertilizer should be applied deeply as base fertilizer And mixed with organic fertilizer, as a top dressing to "small times", and avoid long-term application of the same fertilizer, especially nitrogenous fertilizer.
2 scientific selection of fertilizer, pay attention to the alternate combination of physiological acid fertilizer and physiological alkaline fertilizer. When the soil has been acidified or acidic fertilizer must be applied, quick lime can be added to the fertilizer to adjust. When the soil acidification is serious and the pH is to be rapidly increased, slaked lime can be applied, but the amount is 1/3 to 1/2 of the quicklime. It should not be applied to the soil where the plants are growing.
3 Promote root dressing, root dressing will not cause soil damage.
4 careful application of micro-fertilizer, in general, the use of organic fertilizer to provide trace elements, such as the application of micro-fertilizer must not be excessive.
6. Salt-tolerant crops
After harvesting vegetables, planting corn, sorghum, cabbage and other crops with strong fertility can effectively reduce soil salt content and acidity. If the soil has salt accumulation or acidity, vegetables with strong salt tolerance such as spinach, celery, eggplant, etc. can be planted. Or rapeseed, spinach, taro, etc. with strong acid resistance, to achieve the purpose of absorbing soil salinity.
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