Chemical Processing Techniques for Dairy Cow Straw Feed
Treatment of straw with alkaline compounds such as sodium hydroxide, ammonia, lime, urea, etc. can open alkali-labile ester chains between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, dissolve hemicellulose and a part of lignin, and make cellulose. It swells, making rumen fluid easy to infiltrate. A strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, can hydrolyze up to 50% of the lignin. Chemical treatment can not only improve the digestibility of straw, but also improve palatability and increase feed intake. At present, alkalization and ammoniation are more common.
First, alkali treatment of straw. Alkalization treatment is to use alkali solution to treat the straw, so that the plant cell wall becomes loose, easily penetrated by the digestive juice, straw digestibility by alkali treatment of crude fiber can be increased to more than 50%, while increasing feed intake of 20% to 45%.
1, sodium hydroxide solution. 100 kilograms of chopped straw were uniformly sprayed with 6 kg of 1.6% sodium hydroxide solution. After 6 to 7 hours of storage, they were washed in clear water again, and the remaining alkali was washed away to make a cake, which was fed in portions. After alkali treatment of straw, the digestibility of organic matter increased from 42.4% to 62.8%, and the digestibility of crude fiber increased from 53.5% to 76.4%.
2. Lime treatment: Use 100 kg of chopped straw, add 3 kg of quick lime or 4 kg of hydrated lime, salt 0.5 to 1 kg, 200 to 250 liters of water, soak for 12 hours or 1 day and night, and remove for 24 hours. Can be fed without washing.
Second, the oxidation of straw. Ammonia treatment of straw is one of the rough feed processing methods with low cost and significant economic benefits. The principle of ammoniating is to use ammonia dissolved in water to form strong alkali ammonium hydroxide, so that the straw is softened, the internal lignified fibers of the straw swell, the permeability of the straw is increased, and the urine digestive enzymes come into contact with it, thus contributing to the cellulose Digestion; Ammonia reacts with straw organic matter to produce ammonium salts and complexes, increasing the crude protein content of the straw from 4% to more than 8%, thereby greatly improving the nutritional value of the feedstraw. After ammoniated straw, the digestibility can be increased by 20%, and the feed intake is also increased by about 20%. The palatability and the feeding speed of dairy cows can also be significantly improved and improved, and the total nutritional value can be increased by 1 time to reach 0.4~. For 0.5 feed units, electricity is 1 kg of ammoniated straw equivalent to the nutritional value of 0.4-0.5 kg of oats. Because of the above advantages of straw hydrogenation, this technology has been rapidly promoted in domestic and international ruminant livestock husbandry. The ammonia nitrogen treatment of straw has the following three different methods because of different nitrogen sources.
1, liquid ammonia ammoniation method. The chopped straw was sprayed with a proper amount of water to make the water content 15%-20%, and the mixture was pulverized. A hard plastic tube with holes is embedded in the center of the long axis to allow ammonia to pass through. Cover with plastic film tightly, then feed anhydrous ammonia at 3% of straw weight. After the treatment is completed, the plastic tube is pulled out and the blockage is severed. The sealing time varies with the ambient temperature, and it is 2 to 4 weeks when the temperature is 20°C. After being uncovered and dried, the ammonia taste disappears on its own, and then it is crushed and fed.
2, urea ammoniation method. Since urease exists in the straw, urea or ammonium bicarbonate and straw are stored at a certain temperature and humidity, and ammonia can be decomposed. Therefore, the use of urea or ammonium bicarbonate treatment of straw, can get nearly the effect of ammonia. The method is to add urea at 3% of the straw weight. 5 kg of urea was dissolved in 60 liters of water and uniformly sprayed onto 100 kg of straw, layer by layer and covered with a plastic film. It is also possible to use the cellar for hydrogenation of chopped crop stalks. The specific method is the same as liquid ammonia treatment, but it takes a little longer. In places where urea is not available, ammonium ammonia can also be used for ammoniating straws in the same way as urea amination. Only due to the lower nitrogen content of ammonium bicarbonate, it is 17%, and its amount must be increased as appropriate.
3, ammonia ammonia method. Pre-prepared containers (cellars, tanks, or towers, etc.) containing straw materials, and the short straws are loaded into the containers, and the straw is weighed at a ratio of 1:1 and evenly sprayed with 3% concentrated ammonia (concentration). At 5%, add 41 liters of ammonia per 100 kg of dry straw). After filling the container, cover it with a plastic film and seal it. Seal it after about 2 to 3 weeks at about 20°C. (It takes about 1 week in the summer and 4 to 8 weeks in the winter). Take out the straw and dry it. Feeding.
Practice has proved that the liquid ammonia ammoniation method and urea ammoniation method have the best effect on the treatment of straw, and the effect of ammonia water and ammonium bicarbonate treatment is somewhat poor. Although the effect of ammoniation using liquid ammonia is good, special high-pressure vessels (ammonia bottles, ammonia tanks, ammonia tank cars, etc.) must be used, which increases the production cost and increases the operational risk. In contrast, the urea ammoniation effect is good, the operation is simple, safe, and does not require any special equipment, suitable for the majority of dairy cattle farmers.
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