Silage types and processing
2024-11-10 14:01:31
Silage is harvested when the forage is used in a green state, stored in a sealed container, fermented by microorganisms or added with additives to acidify the feed (around pH 4.0) and create an anaerobic environment, microbial activity is stopped, and most of the nutrients are A green and juicy feed for the preservation of water. It is an effective method to modulate and store green-green feed and improve feed utilization: it is an indispensable basic feed for ruminants (cattle, sheep, etc.), and some monogastric animals can also feed in small quantities. It has fresh green, high nutritional value, good palatability, convenient long-term survival, economic security and effective, it can solve the winter and spring green feed supply and other advantages. The silage types and production techniques are briefly described as follows:
1. The types of silage are divided into general silage, semi-dry silage, mixed silage, high-water silage, high-moisture silage, and withering silage according to the principle of fermentation. The following is a brief introduction to the first four types.
(1) This method is commonly used in general silages and is suitable for most fodder crops such as corn stalks, sorghum oranges, and wheat stalks. After an appropriate cut and cut into 1.5 cm, sealed in the container, lactic acid bacteria can convert the sugar in the raw material into lactic acid. When the acidity drops pH 4.4, all microbial activities are inhibited and the feed is stored for a long time. The key is that raw sugar is more abundant than 1.5%, water is about 70%, and the air is discharged and compacted.
(b) Semi-ten silage is also a low-yield silage and is mainly used for pastures such as alfalfa, sand-wang, and mixed with low-moisture corn stalks. It is not limited by raw sugar, how much lactic acid is fermented, and the pH level is limited. The principle is to form a physiological dry and anaerobic environment for microorganisms. The water content of raw materials is about 50%, and then it is chopped and stored in a sealed cellar. The key is to cut finer, press more solidly, seal tighter and more timely.
(3) Mixed silage It refers to the silage produced by mixing two or more silage materials together. Its advantages are rich nutrition and improved quality. The main grasses and leguminous grasses are mixed silage, such as corn stalks mixed with sand savannah and alfalfa mixed silage, but also mixed silage of two kinds of forage crops, such as 2 parts of feed corn stalks and 1 part of grains and citrus hybrid silage, the development prospects More broad.
(IV) Additives Silage Additives to enhance lactic acid fermentation, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, improve the quality and performance of silage, etc. Silage is added with fermentation, accelerators, such as lactic acid bacteria, live dried bacteria, amylase, etc.; fermentation inhibitors, such as formaldehyde, Ammonium sulfite, salt, antibiotics, etc.; can also be added urea, mainly suitable for silage corn, sorghum and other cereal crops, can increase the crude protein content of silage, inhibit the growth of aerobic microorganisms, ruminants. Appetite and digestive function without adverse effects, add additives to strictly control the number, the general control of silage weight 0.2 to 0.4%, live dry bacteria only 3g per ton of straw, 3g live dried bacteria poured into 200g water fully dissolved, room temperature 1 to 2 hours, and then poured into 0.80% salt water and mix well, micro-storage will be sprayed on the straw.
Second, the silage of raw materials and equipment (a) silage raw materials, forage crops, crops and grasses can be used as silage materials. Commonly used feed corn stalk (including whole plant), sweet sorghum, wheat straw, whole plant of grain pods, sweet potato pods, peanut pods and leguminous grasses, gramineous grasses, such as alfalfa, sand chaowang, oyster, sudan grass, elephant Grass and so on. Ordinary corn ear maturation and the lower part of the pole is only 1 to 2 pieces. Seeing yellow when harvesting silage is the best; for corn, the whole plant silage at booting or filling stage is better. Two parts of corn stalk plus one grain, stem, leaf and silage are most worthy of promotion.
(b) silage equipment 1, plastic bag silage also known as bag silage, optional thick 1mm double plastic film made of length and width 160cm100cm250cm small silage bags, the most suitable for farmers and small ranches. 2, silo (pool) round or square, underground or semi-underground two. Made of bricks, sand, and cement. The cellar can be large or small, easy to operate, low investment, suitable for farmers and general farms. 3, silage long strip gutters, slopes at both ends of the slope, the bottom of the trench and the two sides of the wall with brick, sand, cement construction. Temporary defects can also be covered with a thick black plastic film. Advantages of investment less, not much affected by raw materials, but it occupies a large area, consume large. 4. Silage tower is a permanent cylindrical structure. It occupies a small area, has a small storage material consumption and a high degree of mechanization, but it has a large investment and is suitable for large-scale farms.
Third, silage operation procedures.
(1) Harvesting of raw materials 1. Cereals such as silage corn, sweet sorghum, and oyster are generally harvested during the milk ripening period and the waxing period, and the feed corn can also be harvested earlier. 2. Grazing grass should be harvested at the booting and heading stage. 3, legumes should be harvested during the current Cao ~ flowering period. 4. Roots, tubers and leafy vegetables such as sweet potato pods and grain pods should be harvested at maturity.
(B) chopped smashing short, check the moisture content 1, the silage is generally cut into 2 to 4 cm long, moisture content, soft texture suitable for a bit longer, texture hard and appropriate short, 2 to 3 cm is appropriate. 2, check the moisture content, grab a handful of chopped silage material, hold the water in the finger joint slightly moderate water content, too dry to properly sprinkle some water; too wet to dry to moisture suitable. In order to ensure that silage quality is properly added in the preparation of the silage, the mixing silage should pay attention to the proportion of ingredients and mix well.
(3) The cellar, the bottom of the cellar and the surrounding cellar shall be covered with a layer of 4 cm thick green hay. When the material is loaded, a layer of solid layer shall be installed until it is full, which is 30 to 40 cm above the cellar. After being filled, it can be compacted, pressed, sealed and sealed with plastic cloth. After two days of sinking, it can be filled with some material. Press firmly, lay a layer of 5cm hay, cover it with plastic sheet, and then tightly cover it with soil to prevent air from entering the pit.
Fourth, the quality of silage identification Silage can achieve anaerobic fermentation effect after about 10 days, can save about a year, the color does not change.
(A) The color is green and shiny, aromatic wine has a sour taste, texture is soft and moist, stem and leaf flowers remain loose and excellent.
(b) The color is dark green or yellowish brown, and the aroma is weak and sour. The stem and leaf flowers remain basically the same, and the water consumption is slightly dry to feed the medium silage.
(3) If it is black, brown, black-green, smelly and musty sour taste, poor flower structure of stems and leaves, sticky slip or dry and sticky, and not suitable for feeding silage.
1. The types of silage are divided into general silage, semi-dry silage, mixed silage, high-water silage, high-moisture silage, and withering silage according to the principle of fermentation. The following is a brief introduction to the first four types.
(1) This method is commonly used in general silages and is suitable for most fodder crops such as corn stalks, sorghum oranges, and wheat stalks. After an appropriate cut and cut into 1.5 cm, sealed in the container, lactic acid bacteria can convert the sugar in the raw material into lactic acid. When the acidity drops pH 4.4, all microbial activities are inhibited and the feed is stored for a long time. The key is that raw sugar is more abundant than 1.5%, water is about 70%, and the air is discharged and compacted.
(b) Semi-ten silage is also a low-yield silage and is mainly used for pastures such as alfalfa, sand-wang, and mixed with low-moisture corn stalks. It is not limited by raw sugar, how much lactic acid is fermented, and the pH level is limited. The principle is to form a physiological dry and anaerobic environment for microorganisms. The water content of raw materials is about 50%, and then it is chopped and stored in a sealed cellar. The key is to cut finer, press more solidly, seal tighter and more timely.
(3) Mixed silage It refers to the silage produced by mixing two or more silage materials together. Its advantages are rich nutrition and improved quality. The main grasses and leguminous grasses are mixed silage, such as corn stalks mixed with sand savannah and alfalfa mixed silage, but also mixed silage of two kinds of forage crops, such as 2 parts of feed corn stalks and 1 part of grains and citrus hybrid silage, the development prospects More broad.
(IV) Additives Silage Additives to enhance lactic acid fermentation, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, improve the quality and performance of silage, etc. Silage is added with fermentation, accelerators, such as lactic acid bacteria, live dried bacteria, amylase, etc.; fermentation inhibitors, such as formaldehyde, Ammonium sulfite, salt, antibiotics, etc.; can also be added urea, mainly suitable for silage corn, sorghum and other cereal crops, can increase the crude protein content of silage, inhibit the growth of aerobic microorganisms, ruminants. Appetite and digestive function without adverse effects, add additives to strictly control the number, the general control of silage weight 0.2 to 0.4%, live dry bacteria only 3g per ton of straw, 3g live dried bacteria poured into 200g water fully dissolved, room temperature 1 to 2 hours, and then poured into 0.80% salt water and mix well, micro-storage will be sprayed on the straw.
Second, the silage of raw materials and equipment (a) silage raw materials, forage crops, crops and grasses can be used as silage materials. Commonly used feed corn stalk (including whole plant), sweet sorghum, wheat straw, whole plant of grain pods, sweet potato pods, peanut pods and leguminous grasses, gramineous grasses, such as alfalfa, sand chaowang, oyster, sudan grass, elephant Grass and so on. Ordinary corn ear maturation and the lower part of the pole is only 1 to 2 pieces. Seeing yellow when harvesting silage is the best; for corn, the whole plant silage at booting or filling stage is better. Two parts of corn stalk plus one grain, stem, leaf and silage are most worthy of promotion.
(b) silage equipment 1, plastic bag silage also known as bag silage, optional thick 1mm double plastic film made of length and width 160cm100cm250cm small silage bags, the most suitable for farmers and small ranches. 2, silo (pool) round or square, underground or semi-underground two. Made of bricks, sand, and cement. The cellar can be large or small, easy to operate, low investment, suitable for farmers and general farms. 3, silage long strip gutters, slopes at both ends of the slope, the bottom of the trench and the two sides of the wall with brick, sand, cement construction. Temporary defects can also be covered with a thick black plastic film. Advantages of investment less, not much affected by raw materials, but it occupies a large area, consume large. 4. Silage tower is a permanent cylindrical structure. It occupies a small area, has a small storage material consumption and a high degree of mechanization, but it has a large investment and is suitable for large-scale farms.
Third, silage operation procedures.
(1) Harvesting of raw materials 1. Cereals such as silage corn, sweet sorghum, and oyster are generally harvested during the milk ripening period and the waxing period, and the feed corn can also be harvested earlier. 2. Grazing grass should be harvested at the booting and heading stage. 3, legumes should be harvested during the current Cao ~ flowering period. 4. Roots, tubers and leafy vegetables such as sweet potato pods and grain pods should be harvested at maturity.
(B) chopped smashing short, check the moisture content 1, the silage is generally cut into 2 to 4 cm long, moisture content, soft texture suitable for a bit longer, texture hard and appropriate short, 2 to 3 cm is appropriate. 2, check the moisture content, grab a handful of chopped silage material, hold the water in the finger joint slightly moderate water content, too dry to properly sprinkle some water; too wet to dry to moisture suitable. In order to ensure that silage quality is properly added in the preparation of the silage, the mixing silage should pay attention to the proportion of ingredients and mix well.
(3) The cellar, the bottom of the cellar and the surrounding cellar shall be covered with a layer of 4 cm thick green hay. When the material is loaded, a layer of solid layer shall be installed until it is full, which is 30 to 40 cm above the cellar. After being filled, it can be compacted, pressed, sealed and sealed with plastic cloth. After two days of sinking, it can be filled with some material. Press firmly, lay a layer of 5cm hay, cover it with plastic sheet, and then tightly cover it with soil to prevent air from entering the pit.
Fourth, the quality of silage identification Silage can achieve anaerobic fermentation effect after about 10 days, can save about a year, the color does not change.
(A) The color is green and shiny, aromatic wine has a sour taste, texture is soft and moist, stem and leaf flowers remain loose and excellent.
(b) The color is dark green or yellowish brown, and the aroma is weak and sour. The stem and leaf flowers remain basically the same, and the water consumption is slightly dry to feed the medium silage.
(3) If it is black, brown, black-green, smelly and musty sour taste, poor flower structure of stems and leaves, sticky slip or dry and sticky, and not suitable for feeding silage.
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