Occurrence and Control of Micro Pests in Vegetable Fields

With the deepening of the industrial structure adjustment, the planting area of ​​vegetables has continued to expand, the cultivation of protected areas has rapidly risen, and the cultivation of the four seasons of vegetables and planting of flowers has become increasingly popular. With the increase of pests and diseases of vegetables, there has been a trend of “small bugs turning waves”. The tiny pests in vegetable fields have become increasingly fierce. Not only maggots, migratory locusts, leafhoppers, and pests have continued to be seriously damaged, but several new types of small pests have emerged since the last century, including greenhouses, whiteflies, whiteflies, and L. sativae. The numbers of populations such as Liriomyza huidobrensis, Tetranychus urticae, and T. palmi are rapidly increasing, and they are very devious and difficult to eradicate. They are classified as “hardies” that are difficult to control at present. These microscopic pests are widely distributed and have a large number. They not only absorb plant juices, rob nutrients, affect the normal growth and development of plants, and cause plant yellowing, dryness, and deformity. They also easily excrete honeydew, cause coal contamination, and can spread a variety of viral diseases. , aggravate the damage caused to the plant. I. Analysis of serious causes The occurrence of microscopic pests is affected by many factors, including their own characteristics, changes in environmental conditions, and human factors, which are as follows. 1. The change of climatic conditions is affected by the greenhouse effect, etc. Summer is hot and dry, and winter is not cold. Summer hot and drought, suitable for sucking pests feeding damage, growth and population growth accelerated; winter warming is conducive to the wintering of pests, accelerated the accumulation of insect sources. 2. Tiny tiny insects are tiny, tiny tiny pests are hidden, easy access to adequate food, and adequate food sources are prerequisites for rapid population growth. A single blade can supply dozens or even hundreds of tiny pests. Food, such as a melon leaf can hold an average of 100 to 300 whiteflies, up to 1500. Because the individual is small, it is easy to conceal and damage, increasing the difficulty of prevention and control, such as more maggots sucking on the back of the leaves, often caused by rolling leaves, hidden in the leaves within the damage; spotted individuals are small, leaf damage, once the timing is difficult to prevent and control. 3. Microscopic pests have strong reproductive capacity Although individuals are small, they have strong fertility, and the reproduction cycle is short. There are many generations in a year, many can reach several generations, and there are overlapping generations; Accumulation is rapid; some can also be parthenogenetic, such as the aphid's parthenogenetic birth, “few generations are together”, and the number of offspring individuals is increasing geometrically, even if a few individuals survive after harsh environments or human control, they will quickly accumulate. This in turn causes serious damage. 4. Micro pests have a strong ability to adapt to the environment, easily produce resistance to these tiny pests or fly, lively, or waxy back, or can secrete nets, such as fleas, leafhoppers, whiteflies and other pests Lively, fluttering and escaping after being disturbed, so that the control effects of natural enemies or chemical pesticides are weakened; Bemisia tabaci, coleoptera, etc. often secrete a layer of wax powder or oyster shell, and two-leafhopper can secrete nets and increase Control difficulty. 5, micro-pests spread more diverse ways of transmission is an important factor for the rapid spread and outbreak of micro-insects. These pests may fly through the air with strong flying ability. For example, the whiteflies may live and leap, the locusts may spread and metastasize, the brown planthoppers may migrate long distances south and north, or they may spread with the wind, such as fleas. The silk droops and migrates with the wind; or it spreads with human factors such as the seed and nursery stocks, and the trade of agricultural products. Because the individual pests are small, they are easily overlooked in the process of transportation of seedlings and agricultural products, and are accompanied by modern means of transportation. With a large number of communications, the increase in trade volume of agricultural products in modern society and the development of transport facilities have accelerated the spread of pests, spread the geographical coverage, and can break natural restrictions. 6. Changes in the farming cultivation system. Fine farming, increased intercropping area, planting of crops, cultivation of vegetables, seasonal cultivation of vegetables, large-scale cultivation of winter protected land, increase of pest-loving plant species, etc. Pests provide sufficient food sources and places for wintering, enabling them to transfer, inhabit or activity each other at different places and hosts on an anniversary basis, accelerating the accumulation of populations. 7. The prevention and control of small pests is not concealed, back waxing, overlapping generations, difficult to prevent and control; and in the prevention and control of these pests, there is a paralytic attitude, there are many misunderstandings, not well implemented "prevention-based, comprehensive prevention and control" The plant protection policy cannot take advantage of the favorable timing of prevention and control, excessively reliance on chemical prevention and control, and rough prevention and control techniques. There are irrational drug use phenomena. For example, farmer's long-term single use of drugs, blindly increasing the amount of drugs used, and randomly increasing the multiple of drug use promote the resistance of these pests. The rapid growth has created a vicious cycle. In particular, the decentralized management of agriculture has led to separate management of pests, lack of coordination, inconsistent prevention and control concepts, inconsistent time, and unreasonable measures, so that these pests have sufficient living space and populations can rapidly accumulate. Second, prevention and control measures against the current vegetable field micro-pest occurrence, should pay attention to the use of a variety of control measures to carry out comprehensive treatment, and strive to achieve the production of vegetables without pollution. 1. Prevention and control of agricultural measures a. The use of high-tech including genetic modification to actively cultivate insect-resistant and disease-tolerant vegetable varieties is an important approach to deal with fulminant and minimally harmful pests. b. Reasonably arrange the mouthwash and adjust the planting layout. A reasonable intercropping and rotating crop rotation will reduce the planting area of ​​the host host of the main disaster-damaging insects, and it will not be possible to plant large-area monocultures but also to avoid suitable host plantings. c. Strengthen field management, create conditions that are not conducive to pests, and increase host resistance. Including appropriate sowing, reasonable close planting, reasonable fertilization, irrigation, timely cultivation and weeding, combined with pruning, snoring to eliminate part of the insect source. d. Cut off the wintering of pests. The wintering period is a concentrated and weak link and a critical period for prevention and control. Do a good job in field sanitation, remove dead leaves and leaves, reduce pests inhabiting, sheltering, and wintering sites; pay special attention to eliminate the source of overwintering insects in the protected land, plant non-host plants in protected areas, cultivate insect-free seedlings, gauze worms, and combine pesticides with pesticides. Except for debris. 2, physical and mechanical measures prevention and control a. Light and swatch trapping. The black light or yellow plate is set by using the phototaxis and color-rendering of pests to kill leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, and leafminers, etc.; silver ash film is used for avoiding mites using negative tendencies of mites. b. Use some insect pests such as gregariousness, latentness, leaf curling, etc. to carry out manual or simple device killing, such as manually removing leaves with locusts, leaf miners, and whitefly. c. gauze cover insects. In the greenhouses, greenhouses and other facilities entrance, vents set up gauze, control greenhouse whitefly, whiteflies, spotted fly, aphids and other overwintering insect sources, reduce the amount of insects the following year; insecticide nets in summer vegetables to reduce pest damage. 3. Pharmaceutical control Actively carrying out chemical control is still an important emergency measure to control these pests, but the following points should be noted. a. timely medication. Actively implement the plant protection policy of “prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control”, do a good job of forecasting, grasp the key period of prevention and control, and promptly use pesticides to eliminate pests in the bud (for example, to prevent and treat locusts before leaf rolling, and to prevent and control larvae in front of leaves). Wax powder before and after the prevention and treatment of cotton crickets, mussels, etc.), and can reduce the killing of natural enemies. b. Select the appropriate pesticide species and rotate the drug. The use of highly efficient and low-toxicity pesticides such as pyrethroids, imidacloprid, buprofezin and avermectins to improve control efficiency and slow the development of drug resistance; focus on the adoption of some biological pesticides and plant-derived pesticides to protect natural enemies. Increase natural control and produce green food. c. Apply a variety of pesticide application methods, pay attention to pesticide application technology, use a reasonable amount of drugs, spray evenly and thoughtfully, and apply “two turns, one buckle, and four sides” to various small pests to prevent the escape of net insects. Drug pests should be rationally mixed with different mechanisms of pesticides, use of suitable synergists. d. Pay attention to joint defense. Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of peasant households in participating in the defense, so that a certain range of peasant households is as consistent as possible in the period of pest control, so as to prevent the transfer of good fly pests. When necessary, the government should intervene, coordinate, and even take measures to put in certain human and financial resources for prevention and control, such as the government's use of aircraft spray prevention and control. e. Pay attention to the use of tiny pests, bases of insects, and bases for wintering in order to receive more effective work. 4. Biological control In the long run, it is necessary to actively carry out biological control, which not only effectively controls pests, but also is an important way to promote sustainable development of agriculture and the environment, and to produce pollution-free foods, green foods and even organic foods. Should pay attention to the protection and utilization of natural natural enemies. Conditionally, artificial breeding and release of some natural enemies can be carried out, especially in protected areas, such as the breeding of nymphalid bees, plasma horned bees, and other natural enemies to control aphids and whiteflies. .

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