Large cherry seedling cultivation techniques

1, Jianyuan
1.1 The choice of large cherry gardens should be based on the slopes that are well drained, well-watered, and less susceptible to frost damage and frost. Soils in clay and ridges are to be improved soils, planted and planted. It is advisable to build the garden according to the facilities and to choose the hardier species.
1.2 The selection of seedling quality is closely related to the success or failure of the establishment of the park. The newly-built gardens must have high-quality strong seedlings with well-developed roots, abundant branches, and full buds. The seedlings suffering from root cancer are definitely not planted. The promotion of planting two-year-old seedlings or three to four-year-old saplings not only has a high survival rate, is easy to grow into a garden, but also has a quick effect.
The varieties currently promoted by the 1.3 varieties include four types of high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality varieties: Midea, Pioneer, Rabins, and Samiti. The red light has rapidly affected the virus in recent years, which has seriously affected the output and must be carefully considered when developing. Moliou is suitable for development due to its early maturation and early cultivation or phenology. As early as large fruit cracking due to facility cultivation, planting in sheds is not recommended.

2, tree selection
2.1 The main branch of the main branch was modified to be 40 cm in diameter, and three main branches were cultured. Each main branch was equipped with four single-axis extension collaterals. The three main branches above the three main branches were provided with 10 to 15 single-axis horizontal extension branches. The result of this tree shape is early, and its ability to withstand wind and rain is strong and it is easy to update. It is suitable for cultivation on flat ground.
2.2 The modified spindle is 70 centimeters in diameter, and the center stem is divided into four layers with 20 to 25 single-axis horizontal extensions. The tree is easy to operate, results are early, and the ability to withstand wind and rain is slightly poor. It is suitable for cultivation in mountainous close planting gardens.

3. Different periods of management
3.1 Shaping period of the crown expansion starts from colonization, and some new shoots are transferred between the plant spacings, about 2 to 3 years.
3.1.1 Underground management Apply organic fertilizer before planting. The shoots were sprayed with 0.3% urea every 15 days after germination. From July to the beginning of the transfer of fertilizer between the new shoots mainly organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers, a small number of times. Fertilize while watering to increase fertilizer efficiency. The gardens in depression and clay fields should be cultivated. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season. Inter-row crops are dominated by soybeans and peanuts. High-stalk crops, sweet potatoes, and potatoes cannot be grown.
3.1.2 Tree management Three main branches were modified to improve the trunk shape. Each main branch was cultured with a lateral branch at a spacing of 35 cm. It was cultivated during the spring cutting or growing season. Pruning during the growing season should end by the end of July. Strictly control the number of backs and extensions. In the pruning, the second bud is not required to be cultured after the main stem, and the main branch angle is 70 to 80 degrees. In the stem, three to 10-15 single-axis extension branches are cultured. The first layer is 5-6 pieces, 80 cm away from the three main branches; the second layer is 4-5 pieces, 60 cm from the first layer; the third layer is 3-4 pieces, 40 cm from the second layer, and the tree height is controlled at 2.5 ~ 3 meters.
The modified spindle was cultured in four layers to grow 20 to 25 extensions. The first layer of 8 to 9; the second layer of 5 to 7, 80 cm from the first layer; the third layer of 4 to 5, 60 cm from the second layer; the fourth layer of 3 to 4 from the third layer 40 cm. Tree height is controlled at 2.5 to 3 meters.
The two kinds of tree-shaped pull branches are to be standardized, and the carved shoots are only carved on both sides of the shoots.
3.2 The initial fruit tree culture is completed. To slow the promotion of flowers, into the results, about 3 to 4 years old.
3.2.1 Topdressing for underground management In addition to adding organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers are based on the eight-character principle of “controlling nitrogen, reducing phosphorus, increasing potassium, and supplementing microbes”.
The top dressing is spring and autumn. The amount of fertilizer depends on the tree. Watering depends on the condition of soil drought, but wintering water, pre-flowering water, and hard nuclear water must be poured.
3.2.2 Management on the tree To adjust the branches of the stem and the resulting branches, remove the excess branches of the extension branches and the transitional branches that are too dense. The rear part of the long branches is sculpted in late March.
In the middle of September, red light and Midea can spray 100-200 times of PP333 solution, and other varieties spray 100-200 times of PBO. In the middle and early May of the following year, the entire park sprayed 150-200 times PBO, mastered the same concentration of Magnolia and more spray, weak trees do not spray, moderate tree less spray; Wang branch more spray, weak branches do not spray, do not spray the principle of the mean tree branches . The annual shoot growth is controlled at 20-30 cm.
3.3 The fruit production period is 750-1000 kilograms per mu, the higher one is 2000 kilograms, and the tree age is more than 5 years old.
3.3.1 Underground management Increase the application amount of organic fertilizers, especially fully decomposed soybeans, bean cakes, chicken manure, and manure fertilizers. Basal fertilizer is given in one shot in mid-September. Fertilizers must be formulated for topdressing. Great cherry should pay special attention to the application of trace elements such as calcium, boron and silicon. Can also be sprayed as needed. Watering, hard core period is the most important, before flowering, fruit enlargement, wintering water is also very critical. If the water supply is scarce, the hard-core period can be solved by using the hole storage and fertilizer method. The orchards in the mountains can be cultivated with grass. The grass grows to a certain height to cut off the cover plate, which can play a role in drought resistance and increase soil organic matter.
3.3.2 When the management tree potential in the tree is completely stable, the improved trunk shape can gradually remove excess transitional branches and dense branches in the spring and after fruit harvesting and control the number of peripheral branches. For red-light, early-morning and other varieties that are easy to return to Hong Kong, 6-10 grams of PBO can be applied 20 days before flowering. The first 5 to 10 days before the beginning of flowering, and the middle of May, when the new shoots start growing, each time they spray 200 times PBO. It not only stabilizes tree vigor, promotes the formation of flower buds, but also improves fruit set, reduces cracking, and has a certain ability to resist freezing and freezing.

4, improve the fruit
4.1 When it comes to gardening, it should be matched with good varieties, generally more than 3 varieties. 50 to 60% of the main cultivars and 40 to 50% of other cultivars can significantly increase the natural fruit setting rate.
4.2 Supplementation with artificial, bee and wall bee pollination can significantly increase the fruit setting rate.
4.3 When 70% of the flowers were spent, 200 times more PBOs were sprayed at 2000 times the speed of American production of sonic boron, which could significantly increase the rate of fruit set. Spraying 0.3% urea, 20PPm gibberellin, etc. have a certain effect on improving fruit set.

5. Pest control
5.1 After germination, spraying 5 Baume degrees of lime sulfur plus 300 times of borax can eradicate overwintering pests, kill Sangbai, and increase the rate of fruit set.
5.2 3 to 5 days after fruit extraction, spray 200 times the amount of Bordeaux mixture or 1800 times copper master. In the event of rain, it was changed to 800 times that produced by Futian Chemical Co., Ltd. in Japan. In the past, bacterial perforation was serious and the garden was sprayed with 10% agricultural streptomycin 600-800 times.
5.3 After the fruit is harvested, spray the fork or polymycin, and after 8-10 days, spray the Bordeaux mixture or copper master. Spray the second Bordeaux mixture or copper master in the middle or late August. If there is frequent rainfall, add a systemic fungicide in the middle.
Red, white spiders, leaf miners and other insect pests that can cause defoliation can be combined with spraying Bordeaux mixture, copper masters, and chlorpromazine and other fungicides together, but it should be noted that some fungicides cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides. According to different rainfall each year, big cherry sprays 3-5 times a year.
6, important technical links
6.1 Clear the garden after defoliation, spray carefully, and dilute it properly.
6.2 After spraying, spray 600 times for 15 days, and then spray once every 8 to 10 days. Spray three times in succession. To reduce fruit drop, crack fruit, increase fruit, increase sugar color, early maturation.
6.3 Mooring grounds and low-lying orchards are used for antifreeze. They can be painted white on branches and white on branches. In case of frost in the spring, it can be prevented by the combination of watering smoke and smoke to reduce the freezing injury. Flue-curing smoke must be action by all people in order to achieve good results.
6.4 The red light leaves have shown symptoms of the virus with few results, malformations, and even no results. This type of tree can be replaced in spring with multiple branches, and high-select species such as Pioneer and Rabins can be selected.
6.5 Improved spindle shape Must use two-year-old strong seedlings, set after the dry bud or budding element to increase the amount of branching.
6.6 When planted with Kang Dilei 75 times or Roncobacter 100 times, 100 times Dunnin root treatment. Resolutely not planting seedlings that already have root cancer. Mountain ? 亍 亍 亍 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 亍 铩 铩 铩 铩 铩 铩 铩 铩 铩 9. Formal large manufacturers, three certificates complete products, and ask the dealer for invoices. After pesticides and fertilizers are used, the packaging is retained to prevent the occurrence of problems and there is no evidence to make claims.

7.1 When clear gardens are cleared of leaves after deciduous gardening, they must thoroughly and thoroughly clean the fallen leaves, diseased fruits, and insect pests in the orchard, and bury them deep in the soil to improve the organic matter in the soil. The content of nitrogen fertilizer for fruit trees; also can reduce environmental pollution, play a role in water conservation.
7.2 Causes of fluid injection: Physiological potassium deficiency, viruses, germs, insects or human injuries.

Treatment methods: 1 kg of copper sulfate, 3 kg of lime, 10 kg of water, and 0.5 kg of edible oil (animal and vegetable oils) are mixed evenly, and the convection plastic parts are applied (Note: Do not artificially scrape glue when applying, otherwise it will aggravate the condition ). 3 to 5 days smear again, 2 to 3 times can be continuous. This method is effective for large cherries, apricots and peaches.

7.3 Rot, rough skin, dry rot, and wood rot (The onset of wood rot: grows many white fungus on some parts of the shoot)
Cause: Viruses, germs, etc.

Treatment method: Put 10 pounds of water and 1 pound of edible salt in the pot and boil it at the same time. After cooling, brush on the branches of diseased plants. Brush it once every other month. Brush twice to effectively kill bacteria or viruses. Completely cure the fruit tree (Note: This method must be implemented during the dormancy period until the budding of the fruit tree).
7.4 Cracked fruit Before the cherry is picked, the fruit surface appears soft and cyanotic; the fruit (fructose fruit) appears in water-soaked form; or the bean spot disease occurs; or when the fruit enters the inflated stage, the phenomenon of fruit cracking occurs when it encounters rainwater.
Cause: Calcium deficiency.
Control methods:
method one:
Root calcium. After autumn or winter, or after the spring, dig 2 to 3 pits in a root distribution area of ​​each fruit tree, with a depth of about 20 cm. Each pit is immersed in about half a catty of lime, and buried with soil. (Note: Do not water, make it Slowly decompose). Use once for two to three years. Embedded in the soil lime, can also play a role in the adjustment of soil acid-base balance, reduce pests and diseases.
Method Two:
Foliar calcium. In the young cherry fruit period, the calcium tablets were crushed, and 1 piece of calcium tablets was mixed with 20-30 pounds of water and evenly sprayed on the leaves. If the fruit was cracked severely, it could be sprayed twice. One spray of 10 to 15 pieces of calcium tablets can also be sprayed together with pesticides. One spray can be used for one year.
7.5 Mastering fertilization time The best fertilization time is: apply 70% of fertilizer in mid-September, and the remaining 30% of fertilizer will be applied 1 time before flowering and during fruit enlargement, and then apply 1 time after fruit is harvested. 4 times can be fat.
7.6 Inconsistent coloring on fruit surface, late ripening, or after entering July-August, the leaves appear light red and quickly burnt. Cause of death: Deficiency of magnesium causes poor nutrient transport in fruit trees.
Control methods:
Method one: Magnesium in roots. When applying fertilizer to manure, add appropriate amount of coal ash and apply it in radial strips. About 200 pounds of coal ash can be applied to 1 mu of land.
Method two: leaf surface magnesium. About 20 days before the cherry harvest, the 0.4% magnesium sulfate solution (4 magnesium sulfate against 100 kg water) was uniformly sprayed on the large cherry leaf surface. Can also be sprayed with pesticides.
7.7 Head blight (ie, dead shoots, dead shoots, and spread to the whole tree body from the top of the tree, causing the tree to die)
Cause: Sulfur deficiency.
Control methods: A cherry tree supplement 2 to 3 sulfur powder. The sulfur powder is mixed with the soil and applied to the canopy projection soil.
7.8 Fertilizers should pay attention to the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in fertilizers (to avoid soil hardening and acidification)
The optimum ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers should be 2:1:2. The fertilizer should be fertilized in accordance with the "control nitrogen, phosphorus reduction, potassium increase, and micro-filling" formula (ie, reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, and increase the application amount of potassium fertilizer and trace elements). From the young fruit period to the fruit harvest period, topdressing of nitrogen fertilizers is strictly prohibited to avoid prolonged fruit trees and reduce fruit yield and fruit quality. After the fruit is picked, 0.3% urea solution is sprayed on the leaves to effectively control the content of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, delay the senescence of the fruit trees, enhance the storage of fruit trees, and provide protection for the next year's high yield.
7.9 Yellow leaf disease (from the edge of leaves to yellow and spread into leaves)
Cause: Iron deficiency.
Control method: When yellow leaf disease occurs due to rain, use 0.4% ferrous sulfate solution
(ie, 4 ferrous sulfate to 100 kg of water) and pesticide sprayed on the fruit tree, 3 to 5 days effective.
7.10 Thick skin (skin disease), hard flesh, red spots on fruit surface, cracking fruit (Note that calcium deficiency can also cause cracking disease)
Cause: Silicon deficiency.
Control methods: leaf surface silicon. In the young fruit period, the leaves were sprayed with 0.4% calcium silicate solution (4 calcium disilicate versus 100 kg water).
7.11 leaf disease, mosaic disease causes: zinc deficiency.
Control methods: Before the spring cherry germination, dry shoots were sprayed with 0.3% zinc sulfate solution (3 zinc sulfate to 100 kg water).
7.12 Occurrence of tiny white spots on leaf surface: Copper deficiency.
Control methods: do not need to add a separate supplement to ensure Bordeaux solution is sprayed twice a year.
7.13 Freezing injury (rot symptoms on side branches and black decay and decay of xylem)
Etiology: lack of molybdenum.
Control methods: In combination with topdressing, apply 5-6 kg of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate per mu.
7.14 Flowering, fruit failure, malformed fruit, and flowering disease cause: Boron deficiency.
Control methods: Spray 0.3% borax aqueous solution twice before germination and in fruit expansion (first add 3 to 4 pounds of warm water to 3 borax to dissolve it and then add cold water. Afterwards, spray it in a short time). When borax is applied underground, it must be taken care not to overdo it. The amount of borax used by a fruit tree should not exceed 4 or more, otherwise it will cause borax poisoning.

Attachment: Bordeaux mixture preparation method Bordeaux mixture preparation quality will directly affect the disease prevention effect. The excellent Bordeaux mixture is a sky-blue colloidal suspension that is slightly alkaline, with good suspension and stability. Spray on the leaves, strong adhesion, can inhibit the fungal spore germination, infection, play a role in disease prevention. Correct preparation method:
Take 1:2:200 times the amount of Bordeaux fluid as an example.
1, two liquids with the same injection method: in a container with half the amount of water (100 kg) to dissolve 1 kg of copper sulfate, another container with half a volume of water (100 kg) will be 2 kg of lime into lime milk, and then the copper sulfate solution and The lime emulsion was slowly poured into the third container and stirred while pouring.
2, thin copper thick ash method: in a container with 2 / 3 of water (133 kg) to dissolve 1 kg of copper sulfate, another container with 1/3 of the water (67 kg), 2 kg of lime into lime After milk, it is filtered and poured into 1/3 water container, and then the copper sulfate solution is slowly poured into the lime liquor container and stirred while stirring to make the chemical reaction proceed in a strong alkaline medium. The Bordeaux mixture thus prepared has good quality, strong colloidal properties, and is not easily precipitated.

Bordeaux mixture must also pay attention to the following points:
1. The copper sulfate should be made from the blue shiny crystals produced by the regular manufacturers; the quicklime must be selected from freshly-fired white blocks of high-quality quicklime; the water should use soft water that is clean and contains less minerals.
2, Bordeaux fluid can not be used as containers for metal containers, in particular, can not use iron containers to prevent iron and copper sulfate from the chemical reaction, so that deterioration of copper sulfate deterioration.
3. Only slowly dilute the copper sulfate solution into the thick milk of lime. Do not turn it over. Do not turn it too fast. Stir it in one direction and mix it longer.
4, Bordeaux liquid should be used now, can not be placed for a long time, but can not be stored in order to avoid deterioration.

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