GM technology came to us
2019-06-06 08:06:04
Genetically modified foods refer to the scientists in the laboratory to change the genes of plants and animals to create new varieties of foods. Many people already know that all living creatures have genetic genes written on their DNA. They are the chemical information that builds and sustains life. By modifying genes, scientists can change some or all of an organism's characteristics.
The first appearance of transgenic plants took place from 1983 to 1985, when the University of Washington in St. Louis and Monsanto Biotech Co. (now the world's largest biotechnology company) researched and produced the first batch of genetically modified crops and Jolin Tsai concert concert fare. 1 yuan? Ferrari version of Olympus appeared in the Heiner Baichuan shelter media wealth tour invites merchants to join the product. The earliest transgenic crops were herbicide-resistant transgenic tobaccos. This kind of tobacco has acquired herbicide-resistant genes. Herbicides only kill weeds and cannot harm tobacco. As a result, tobacco is harvested in large areas.
The exogenous genes that were transplanted came from a wide variety of organisms. The most common exogenous genes currently included in genetically modified crops are: bacteria, viruses, and morning glory genes. The purpose is to help soybeans to fight herbicides (for higher yields) and increase oil content (to increase nutrition and good taste, ie good to eat). According to statistics from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology, there are 47 kinds of transgenic plants being studied in China, including 7 food crops, 5 economic crops, 4 oil crops, 31 vegetables and fruits, and 103 genes involved. At present, China has six kinds of genetically modified agricultural products that are allowed to go on the market. They are two kinds of anti-cotton tapeworm cotton (insect-resistant cotton from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and honeysuckle from the Monsanto Company in the United States), storage-resistant tomatoes from Huazhong Agricultural University, and Peking University. Anti-Cucumber Mosaic Virus Tomatoes, Anti-Virus Peppers, and Rotary Petunia Flowers. Among them, the total area of ​​insect-resistant cotton to BT gene is 330,000 hectares, and the others are in the trial stage. In addition, the hybrid rice “Shanyou 63†has an area of ​​more than 7 million hectares grown in China, but it is affected by locusts just like other rice. According to a survey conducted by the Hunan Province, the rice yield losses in the severely affected fields of the rice stem borer and rice stem borer reached 98% and 50%, respectively. Scientists led by Fan Yunliu and Zhang Qi, the scientists of our country, have cooperated for many years to successfully convert BT insecticidal genes to indica rice. The laboratory results show that the insect resistance rate is 100%, and the field demonstration of insect resistance is also extremely significant. .
In 1996, the total area of ​​GM agricultural products planted in the world reached 2.8 million hectares, and reached 39.93 million hectares in 1999. From 1996 to 1999, the planting area of ​​genetically modified crops increased by 13 times! In 2000, there were more than 4,500 varieties of genetically modified crops and processed varieties in the world. In the United States, Canada, Australia, Spain, France, Portugal and Argentina, the number of genetically modified crops reached 40 million hectares. The global share of GM food production now is: 99% of GM products are mainly concentrated in the United States, Argentina, and Canada, accounting for 72%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Their products are mainly soybeans and cotton. China is currently the fourth country after the United States, Argentina, and Canada to grow GM crops.
At the same time, protecting the ecological environment is an important issue for plant biotechnology. The severe pesticide poisoning incident in Guatemala in Central America between the 1950s and the 1990s occurred among cotton agricultural workers and eventually led to the collapse of the Latin American cotton industry. In China and other countries, the damage caused by cotton bollworm is very serious, and the cotton planting area has dropped sharply in a period of time. One of the consequences of the heavy use of insecticides is the rapid increase in the resistance of cotton bollworm, and cotton farmers have to give up cotton. The BT gene transformed insect-resistant cotton came into being in this situation. The transgenic insect-resistant cotton is welcomed by the cotton farmers. Due to the significant reduction in the use of insecticidal pesticides, many beneficial and harmless insects in the field are protected from killing.
It is equally worrying whether genetically modified foods will cause ecological damage. This concern is that because the exogenous genes in genetically modified crops are mainly stress-resistant genes, such as herbicide-resistant, disease-resistant, and insect-resistant genes, they may be transferred to nearby wild crops with pollen or other means, causing resistance in the natural world. Stronger weeds make the fertile fields a barren land with long grain and long weeds. In addition, insect-resistant transgenics can not only kill beneficial insects, but also make the insects more resistant to insect pests. More difficult to kill; now it has been found that transgenic cotton has ringing and malformation of cotton bolls; transgenes may also lead to the development of new germs and new diseases; antibiotic screening marker genes may also cause some strange and difficult-to-treat diseases in humans, etc. . The above results do not really harm humanity now, or there are only a few small harbingers, but as their counterparts, Mad Cow Disease has already caused the world to pay a terrible price.
Although mad cow disease is not entirely the result of genetic engineering, the idea of ​​its production is also the result of industrial mass production and ignoring the laws of nature, such as adding hormones and feeding cows with animal carcasses. As a result, mad cows have come and go, and high-volume production has been replaced by "mass killings." People have to make painstaking conclusions: instead of letting industrialized agriculture destroy humans, it is better to develop natural ecological agriculture that is co-existing with nature. Of course, humanity is also stepping up to a new scientific peak. Bioengineering technology has evolved into the human genome and the future of functional genomics, proteomics, etc., whether this can provide universal disease resistance and longevity for humans. Amazing panacea?
The ps research institute of the United States once cloned the heavy and light chain genes of antibodies and introduced them into tobacco. Then the two transgenic tobaccos were crossed to produce a large number of antibody proteins in the leaves of offspring tobacco, and the expression level reached the total number of leaves. 1.3% of the protein amount. According to calculations, according to this level of expression, the United States only needs to use 1% of its tobacco land area to grow GM tobacco, and within a year it can produce 270 kilograms of antibodies, which is enough to ensure the treatment of 2.7 million cancer patients.
The method using the virus as the carrier is to insert the target gene into the viral genome, and then inoculate the recombinant virus on the leaves of plants, allowing it to spread on all the leaves, and the foreign genes will be expressed at a high level as the virus replicates. The plant became a "green factory" producing protein. Since viral proteins can generally account for 50% of the total protein in infected leaves, the use of this method can greatly increase the expression of foreign genes. The Agricultural Genetics Corporation of Cambridge, England, has announced that it has successfully produced animal vaccines in plants. They introduced FMDV and HIV-1 surface proteins into the plant virus vector, the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) genome, and hybrid RNA guided the production of intact virus particles. The success of these experiments will undoubtedly greatly reduce the cost of treating AIDS. Genetically modified crops have very broad application prospects in many aspects such as increasing yield, improving quality, enhancing plant drought tolerance, cold resistance, resistance to salt and alkali, and improving plant disease resistance. Therefore, the development of genetically modified organisms is a requirement of the times and an inevitable result of scientific development.
The first appearance of transgenic plants took place from 1983 to 1985, when the University of Washington in St. Louis and Monsanto Biotech Co. (now the world's largest biotechnology company) researched and produced the first batch of genetically modified crops and Jolin Tsai concert concert fare. 1 yuan? Ferrari version of Olympus appeared in the Heiner Baichuan shelter media wealth tour invites merchants to join the product. The earliest transgenic crops were herbicide-resistant transgenic tobaccos. This kind of tobacco has acquired herbicide-resistant genes. Herbicides only kill weeds and cannot harm tobacco. As a result, tobacco is harvested in large areas.
The exogenous genes that were transplanted came from a wide variety of organisms. The most common exogenous genes currently included in genetically modified crops are: bacteria, viruses, and morning glory genes. The purpose is to help soybeans to fight herbicides (for higher yields) and increase oil content (to increase nutrition and good taste, ie good to eat). According to statistics from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology, there are 47 kinds of transgenic plants being studied in China, including 7 food crops, 5 economic crops, 4 oil crops, 31 vegetables and fruits, and 103 genes involved. At present, China has six kinds of genetically modified agricultural products that are allowed to go on the market. They are two kinds of anti-cotton tapeworm cotton (insect-resistant cotton from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and honeysuckle from the Monsanto Company in the United States), storage-resistant tomatoes from Huazhong Agricultural University, and Peking University. Anti-Cucumber Mosaic Virus Tomatoes, Anti-Virus Peppers, and Rotary Petunia Flowers. Among them, the total area of ​​insect-resistant cotton to BT gene is 330,000 hectares, and the others are in the trial stage. In addition, the hybrid rice “Shanyou 63†has an area of ​​more than 7 million hectares grown in China, but it is affected by locusts just like other rice. According to a survey conducted by the Hunan Province, the rice yield losses in the severely affected fields of the rice stem borer and rice stem borer reached 98% and 50%, respectively. Scientists led by Fan Yunliu and Zhang Qi, the scientists of our country, have cooperated for many years to successfully convert BT insecticidal genes to indica rice. The laboratory results show that the insect resistance rate is 100%, and the field demonstration of insect resistance is also extremely significant. .
In 1996, the total area of ​​GM agricultural products planted in the world reached 2.8 million hectares, and reached 39.93 million hectares in 1999. From 1996 to 1999, the planting area of ​​genetically modified crops increased by 13 times! In 2000, there were more than 4,500 varieties of genetically modified crops and processed varieties in the world. In the United States, Canada, Australia, Spain, France, Portugal and Argentina, the number of genetically modified crops reached 40 million hectares. The global share of GM food production now is: 99% of GM products are mainly concentrated in the United States, Argentina, and Canada, accounting for 72%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Their products are mainly soybeans and cotton. China is currently the fourth country after the United States, Argentina, and Canada to grow GM crops.
At the same time, protecting the ecological environment is an important issue for plant biotechnology. The severe pesticide poisoning incident in Guatemala in Central America between the 1950s and the 1990s occurred among cotton agricultural workers and eventually led to the collapse of the Latin American cotton industry. In China and other countries, the damage caused by cotton bollworm is very serious, and the cotton planting area has dropped sharply in a period of time. One of the consequences of the heavy use of insecticides is the rapid increase in the resistance of cotton bollworm, and cotton farmers have to give up cotton. The BT gene transformed insect-resistant cotton came into being in this situation. The transgenic insect-resistant cotton is welcomed by the cotton farmers. Due to the significant reduction in the use of insecticidal pesticides, many beneficial and harmless insects in the field are protected from killing.
It is equally worrying whether genetically modified foods will cause ecological damage. This concern is that because the exogenous genes in genetically modified crops are mainly stress-resistant genes, such as herbicide-resistant, disease-resistant, and insect-resistant genes, they may be transferred to nearby wild crops with pollen or other means, causing resistance in the natural world. Stronger weeds make the fertile fields a barren land with long grain and long weeds. In addition, insect-resistant transgenics can not only kill beneficial insects, but also make the insects more resistant to insect pests. More difficult to kill; now it has been found that transgenic cotton has ringing and malformation of cotton bolls; transgenes may also lead to the development of new germs and new diseases; antibiotic screening marker genes may also cause some strange and difficult-to-treat diseases in humans, etc. . The above results do not really harm humanity now, or there are only a few small harbingers, but as their counterparts, Mad Cow Disease has already caused the world to pay a terrible price.
Although mad cow disease is not entirely the result of genetic engineering, the idea of ​​its production is also the result of industrial mass production and ignoring the laws of nature, such as adding hormones and feeding cows with animal carcasses. As a result, mad cows have come and go, and high-volume production has been replaced by "mass killings." People have to make painstaking conclusions: instead of letting industrialized agriculture destroy humans, it is better to develop natural ecological agriculture that is co-existing with nature. Of course, humanity is also stepping up to a new scientific peak. Bioengineering technology has evolved into the human genome and the future of functional genomics, proteomics, etc., whether this can provide universal disease resistance and longevity for humans. Amazing panacea?
The ps research institute of the United States once cloned the heavy and light chain genes of antibodies and introduced them into tobacco. Then the two transgenic tobaccos were crossed to produce a large number of antibody proteins in the leaves of offspring tobacco, and the expression level reached the total number of leaves. 1.3% of the protein amount. According to calculations, according to this level of expression, the United States only needs to use 1% of its tobacco land area to grow GM tobacco, and within a year it can produce 270 kilograms of antibodies, which is enough to ensure the treatment of 2.7 million cancer patients.
The method using the virus as the carrier is to insert the target gene into the viral genome, and then inoculate the recombinant virus on the leaves of plants, allowing it to spread on all the leaves, and the foreign genes will be expressed at a high level as the virus replicates. The plant became a "green factory" producing protein. Since viral proteins can generally account for 50% of the total protein in infected leaves, the use of this method can greatly increase the expression of foreign genes. The Agricultural Genetics Corporation of Cambridge, England, has announced that it has successfully produced animal vaccines in plants. They introduced FMDV and HIV-1 surface proteins into the plant virus vector, the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) genome, and hybrid RNA guided the production of intact virus particles. The success of these experiments will undoubtedly greatly reduce the cost of treating AIDS. Genetically modified crops have very broad application prospects in many aspects such as increasing yield, improving quality, enhancing plant drought tolerance, cold resistance, resistance to salt and alkali, and improving plant disease resistance. Therefore, the development of genetically modified organisms is a requirement of the times and an inevitable result of scientific development.
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