Deer farming
2020-01-07 13:07:12
Sika deer belonged to cloven-hoofed, recurveous suborder, and deer, and was listed as a national first class protected animal in 1988. Wild spotted deer is native to the northeastern part of China's forest and mountainous areas in the south. The deer runs dry and hi-drys. It mainly eats green grass, leaves, bark, and wild fruits.
The earliest use of velvet nourishing and strengthening in China began in 168 AD. The change of wild deer for domestication began in the middle of the 11th century. Deer were more common in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The deer were more developed in the Qing Dynasty. As the late Qing Dynasty, the number of wild deer decreased and Gonglu’s task was difficult to complete. Wild deer farming came into being. However, the deer was previously dedicated to the dedication of the dynasty for nobility of the palace aristocrats until 1950, the northern part of the country began to develop a large-scale deer industry.
The sika deer body is a treasure, its meat, its liver is delicate and delicious, its glutinous and smooth, is the delicacy food of the imperial palace of successive dynasties, the deer lip is one of eight ancient treasures in our country. Sika deer is a medicinal and nourishing high-level economic animal with up to 25 medicinal sites. The sika deer is beautiful, smart, elegant, colorful and has high ornamental value.
1. Deer's physiological characteristics:
Sika deer are sexually mature from 8 to 18 months of age, and mature around the age of 3. The adult male deer weighs 80-155 kg and the adult female deer weighs 50-87 kg. The male and female deer mate during seasonal estrus in September-November each year. During the estrus period, the male deer is energetic, and the competition is fierce. There are more casualties. Each male deer can bear 20-30 doe breeding missions. The childbearing age deer has one child each year. The child has a childbirth and has twin births. The gestation period is 225-245 days, and the deer birth weight is about 5 kg.
Factors Affecting Deer's Growth: Genetic Factors, Feed and Nutritional Factors, Management and Feeding Factors, Impact of Climate Conditions 2. Construction of Deer Farms:
Topography, topography and soil conditions: The site of the deer farm should be located in a sandy or sandy place with high slope, southward or southeast, and a slope of 5 degrees. Mountains should be selected where they are not threatened by mountains and rivers, sheltered from the sun, and have good drainage. Feed condition: The deer farm must have enough feed ground or have a reliable supply base for various feeds. The fully-stocked deer need an average of 350 to 400 kilograms of concentrate each year, and 1200 to 1,500 kilograms of roughage (red deer needs two to three times the spotted deer).
Water source conditions: Water sources near the deer field to avoid pollution.
Social environment and economic conditions: The site of the deer farm should not be chosen near the industrial and mining areas and public facilities, and should not be built on the sites contaminated with cattle and sheep infectious diseases or on the former site of the livestock farm.
The layout of the deer farm: Deer production area, auxiliary production area, business management area, and staff living area.
Buildings in the production area include: deer house, rough feed warehouse, feed processing and modulation room, silo kiln, antler and deer other product processing room, veterinary room, and other sideline production buildings.
3. The nutritional needs and feed of Velvet deer:
Vegetable feed:
Roughage: hay, straw (skin, vine, vine, straw, alfalfa), leaves (branches), bad residue and so on. Green feed: natural pasture, cultivated pasture, leafy vegetables, roots, green leaves, green cut corn, green cut soybeans. Concentrates: Aceraceae seeds (energy feed), legume seeds (protein feeds) and their processing by-products. Root tuber feed: carrots, edible beets.
Inorganic salt feed: salt, calcium-containing feed (lime powder, eggshell powder and shell powder), phosphorus-containing feed (bone powder, calcium carbonate carbonate)
Special feed: non-protein nitrogen (urea), antibiotics, single cell protein feed (yeast, microalgae)
4. Breeding and breeding techniques of deer:
Reasonably matching feeds; mainly green fodder, supplemented by concentrated fodder; fixed-dose feeding; maintaining relative stability of feed volume and species; fully supplying drinking water.
Breeding includes preparatory work for breeding, selection of breeding deer, selection, estrus identification, breeding methods, and scheduling of breeding work.
Technical points for raising the breeding power of velvet deer: Enabling high-quality husbandry personnel to contract female deer herds; selecting better feeding methods; breeding herd deer group must have a reasonable optimal age structure; accurately selecting and eliminating plant species Doe and young deer; must have a reasonable level of influence; scientific management and use of deer and preparation of deer; accurate matching, strictly avoid inbreeding; do a good job in miscarriage and childbirth.
5. Deer disease prevention and control:
1. The anti-epidemic system of Luchang Sanitation: feed management system, drinking water hygiene system, health system of deer housing, and management system of deer farm.
2. The anti-epidemic system of Luchang Sanitation: timely detection of the epidemic and its prompt diagnosis; quarantine and immunization; isolation, blockade and disinfection.
Adult male deer feeding and management
1. Feed management during the velvet period. The velvet period of the sika deer is from April to August each year and it is an important period for obtaining deer products. The physiological characteristics of the male deer antler are the disappearance of libido, atrophy of the testicles, an increase in appetite, and a strong metabolism. The weight of the deer continues to increase, and the antler grows rapidly. The sika deer began to emerge in early April. It was the long-cherry antler of adult male deer from May to June, and the antler of 2-3 years old male deer from June to July. It was the late-stage and regeneration of antler from July to August. Velvet growth period. General male deer long-lasting for about 40 days for the two sticks, about 70 days for the three-furrow. The average daily weight gain is about 40 grams, which requires a lot of nutrients, especially protein, vitamins and minerals, so it should fully meet the nutritional needs of male deer antler. It has been proved that the protein content of refined material in the veterinary period diet is appropriate at 23%, and adding 8% of fishmeal can significantly improve the velvet yield.
2. Breeding management during the breeding period, trying to increase appetite, promote development, improve breeding ability and semen quality. Therefore, when formulating foods, it is necessary to focus on increasing the protein content of the diet, taking into account the aphrodisiac and palatability of the feed. After harvesting the antler, the male deer with good breeding value was selected out of a separate group and carefully reared. The principle of feeding male deer in the breeding period is to control the sensation, reduce sexual desire, reduce fighting, avoid death, and prepare for safe wintering. For this reason, before the breeding period comes, should be based on the deer grazing conditions and the quality of roughage, to reduce the fine material or feed for a period of time fine material; estrus late in accordance with the deer only timely supplement supplements.
3. During the wintering period, the wintering period includes the two stages of the breeding period and the period before the breeding period (December to March of the following year). Due to the gradual decline of sexual activity during this period, appetite and digestive function are correspondingly increased, heat energy is consumed more, and nutrients are stored for the raw antler. It is also necessary to restore weight, enhance physique, ensure nutritional needs of the deer and safely survive winter, so it is necessary to supplement energy. feed. The male deer with poor health and poor body condition should be raised separately. Early veterinary feeding to the spring and summer of the following year to change hair, improve lyrical, horny and create a material foundation. The deer's quickness, speed, and slowness depend mainly on the quality of the larvae and their feeding and management. Therefore, the focus of this period should be on strengthening and rejuvenating the work.
4. The nutritional needs of public deer. There is no nutritional standard for deer in China. Generally, according to the standards of foreign countries and combined with the experience in production practice, the nutritional needs of male deer during various periods are formulated. Therefore, formulating diets in production should be appropriately increased or decreased according to actual conditions.
The basic task of raising and managing breeding deer and raising deer is to ensure the health of the deer, increase fertility, reproduce offspring, and consolidate beneficial genetic traits, so as to breed good offspring and continuously expand the population on the premise of guaranteeing high quality. The reproductive performance of the deer is determined on the one hand by its own genetic basis and on the other hand by the quality of feeding and management. According to the life changes, nutritional needs and feeding and management characteristics of the doe at different production stages, the breeding period of the doe can be divided into several periods. The breakdown is as follows:
1. Feeding and management during the breeding period. After weaning the deer at the end of August each year, the doe stops lactation and enters the physical recovery stage before mating. From mid-September to late November is the breeding period. Prior to mating, the deer group is first rearranged to eliminate those deer that are infertile, have evil habits, are old, and have serious disease and have no feeding value. According to the quality appraisal, kinship, age, and health status, they were reconstituted into a core group, a general breeding group, and a deer group. A matching population is suitable for 25-30 doe species. The breeding period must be moderately full. The degree of sophistication has an important impact on accelerating the mating schedule and increasing the fetus deterrence rate. Well-fed doe herds, early estrus, high conception rates, and twin births. Tests have shown that using superovulation technology during the breeding period can increase the twin birth rate by 5%.
2. During feeding and management during pregnancy, the deer gestation period takes about seven and a half months. It mainly refers to December of each year and 4 years of the following year. In early pregnancy, the fetus grows faster. As the fetus grows, the uterus of the doe gradually increases and the body weight continues to increase. In the later stages of pregnancy, the weight of the deer will increase by 10-15 kilograms and the first-born doe will gain 15-20 kilograms. During the second trimester of pregnancy, the calcium content should be appropriately increased, and small, good quality, palatable, and easily digestible feed should be selected.
3, feeding and management during lactation, doe from the beginning of May, one after another lambing, until the next August all weaned, the average lactation period of about 3 months. Doe lactating large amounts of milk to the young deer, postpartum lactation increased gradually, generally within 30-45 days after childbirth reaches the peak of lactation for 45-50 days, and then gradually decline. Various nutrients in milk come directly from the blood, indirectly from various nutrients in the feed. Therefore, during the lactation period, the female deer must supplement abundant feeds such as protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins to increase milk production.
4. Reproduction of doe's nutritional needs.
The earliest use of velvet nourishing and strengthening in China began in 168 AD. The change of wild deer for domestication began in the middle of the 11th century. Deer were more common in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The deer were more developed in the Qing Dynasty. As the late Qing Dynasty, the number of wild deer decreased and Gonglu’s task was difficult to complete. Wild deer farming came into being. However, the deer was previously dedicated to the dedication of the dynasty for nobility of the palace aristocrats until 1950, the northern part of the country began to develop a large-scale deer industry.
The sika deer body is a treasure, its meat, its liver is delicate and delicious, its glutinous and smooth, is the delicacy food of the imperial palace of successive dynasties, the deer lip is one of eight ancient treasures in our country. Sika deer is a medicinal and nourishing high-level economic animal with up to 25 medicinal sites. The sika deer is beautiful, smart, elegant, colorful and has high ornamental value.
1. Deer's physiological characteristics:
Sika deer are sexually mature from 8 to 18 months of age, and mature around the age of 3. The adult male deer weighs 80-155 kg and the adult female deer weighs 50-87 kg. The male and female deer mate during seasonal estrus in September-November each year. During the estrus period, the male deer is energetic, and the competition is fierce. There are more casualties. Each male deer can bear 20-30 doe breeding missions. The childbearing age deer has one child each year. The child has a childbirth and has twin births. The gestation period is 225-245 days, and the deer birth weight is about 5 kg.
Factors Affecting Deer's Growth: Genetic Factors, Feed and Nutritional Factors, Management and Feeding Factors, Impact of Climate Conditions 2. Construction of Deer Farms:
Topography, topography and soil conditions: The site of the deer farm should be located in a sandy or sandy place with high slope, southward or southeast, and a slope of 5 degrees. Mountains should be selected where they are not threatened by mountains and rivers, sheltered from the sun, and have good drainage. Feed condition: The deer farm must have enough feed ground or have a reliable supply base for various feeds. The fully-stocked deer need an average of 350 to 400 kilograms of concentrate each year, and 1200 to 1,500 kilograms of roughage (red deer needs two to three times the spotted deer).
Water source conditions: Water sources near the deer field to avoid pollution.
Social environment and economic conditions: The site of the deer farm should not be chosen near the industrial and mining areas and public facilities, and should not be built on the sites contaminated with cattle and sheep infectious diseases or on the former site of the livestock farm.
The layout of the deer farm: Deer production area, auxiliary production area, business management area, and staff living area.
Buildings in the production area include: deer house, rough feed warehouse, feed processing and modulation room, silo kiln, antler and deer other product processing room, veterinary room, and other sideline production buildings.
3. The nutritional needs and feed of Velvet deer:
Vegetable feed:
Roughage: hay, straw (skin, vine, vine, straw, alfalfa), leaves (branches), bad residue and so on. Green feed: natural pasture, cultivated pasture, leafy vegetables, roots, green leaves, green cut corn, green cut soybeans. Concentrates: Aceraceae seeds (energy feed), legume seeds (protein feeds) and their processing by-products. Root tuber feed: carrots, edible beets.
Inorganic salt feed: salt, calcium-containing feed (lime powder, eggshell powder and shell powder), phosphorus-containing feed (bone powder, calcium carbonate carbonate)
Special feed: non-protein nitrogen (urea), antibiotics, single cell protein feed (yeast, microalgae)
4. Breeding and breeding techniques of deer:
Reasonably matching feeds; mainly green fodder, supplemented by concentrated fodder; fixed-dose feeding; maintaining relative stability of feed volume and species; fully supplying drinking water.
Breeding includes preparatory work for breeding, selection of breeding deer, selection, estrus identification, breeding methods, and scheduling of breeding work.
Technical points for raising the breeding power of velvet deer: Enabling high-quality husbandry personnel to contract female deer herds; selecting better feeding methods; breeding herd deer group must have a reasonable optimal age structure; accurately selecting and eliminating plant species Doe and young deer; must have a reasonable level of influence; scientific management and use of deer and preparation of deer; accurate matching, strictly avoid inbreeding; do a good job in miscarriage and childbirth.
5. Deer disease prevention and control:
1. The anti-epidemic system of Luchang Sanitation: feed management system, drinking water hygiene system, health system of deer housing, and management system of deer farm.
2. The anti-epidemic system of Luchang Sanitation: timely detection of the epidemic and its prompt diagnosis; quarantine and immunization; isolation, blockade and disinfection.
Adult male deer feeding and management
1. Feed management during the velvet period. The velvet period of the sika deer is from April to August each year and it is an important period for obtaining deer products. The physiological characteristics of the male deer antler are the disappearance of libido, atrophy of the testicles, an increase in appetite, and a strong metabolism. The weight of the deer continues to increase, and the antler grows rapidly. The sika deer began to emerge in early April. It was the long-cherry antler of adult male deer from May to June, and the antler of 2-3 years old male deer from June to July. It was the late-stage and regeneration of antler from July to August. Velvet growth period. General male deer long-lasting for about 40 days for the two sticks, about 70 days for the three-furrow. The average daily weight gain is about 40 grams, which requires a lot of nutrients, especially protein, vitamins and minerals, so it should fully meet the nutritional needs of male deer antler. It has been proved that the protein content of refined material in the veterinary period diet is appropriate at 23%, and adding 8% of fishmeal can significantly improve the velvet yield.
2. Breeding management during the breeding period, trying to increase appetite, promote development, improve breeding ability and semen quality. Therefore, when formulating foods, it is necessary to focus on increasing the protein content of the diet, taking into account the aphrodisiac and palatability of the feed. After harvesting the antler, the male deer with good breeding value was selected out of a separate group and carefully reared. The principle of feeding male deer in the breeding period is to control the sensation, reduce sexual desire, reduce fighting, avoid death, and prepare for safe wintering. For this reason, before the breeding period comes, should be based on the deer grazing conditions and the quality of roughage, to reduce the fine material or feed for a period of time fine material; estrus late in accordance with the deer only timely supplement supplements.
3. During the wintering period, the wintering period includes the two stages of the breeding period and the period before the breeding period (December to March of the following year). Due to the gradual decline of sexual activity during this period, appetite and digestive function are correspondingly increased, heat energy is consumed more, and nutrients are stored for the raw antler. It is also necessary to restore weight, enhance physique, ensure nutritional needs of the deer and safely survive winter, so it is necessary to supplement energy. feed. The male deer with poor health and poor body condition should be raised separately. Early veterinary feeding to the spring and summer of the following year to change hair, improve lyrical, horny and create a material foundation. The deer's quickness, speed, and slowness depend mainly on the quality of the larvae and their feeding and management. Therefore, the focus of this period should be on strengthening and rejuvenating the work.
4. The nutritional needs of public deer. There is no nutritional standard for deer in China. Generally, according to the standards of foreign countries and combined with the experience in production practice, the nutritional needs of male deer during various periods are formulated. Therefore, formulating diets in production should be appropriately increased or decreased according to actual conditions.
The basic task of raising and managing breeding deer and raising deer is to ensure the health of the deer, increase fertility, reproduce offspring, and consolidate beneficial genetic traits, so as to breed good offspring and continuously expand the population on the premise of guaranteeing high quality. The reproductive performance of the deer is determined on the one hand by its own genetic basis and on the other hand by the quality of feeding and management. According to the life changes, nutritional needs and feeding and management characteristics of the doe at different production stages, the breeding period of the doe can be divided into several periods. The breakdown is as follows:
1. Feeding and management during the breeding period. After weaning the deer at the end of August each year, the doe stops lactation and enters the physical recovery stage before mating. From mid-September to late November is the breeding period. Prior to mating, the deer group is first rearranged to eliminate those deer that are infertile, have evil habits, are old, and have serious disease and have no feeding value. According to the quality appraisal, kinship, age, and health status, they were reconstituted into a core group, a general breeding group, and a deer group. A matching population is suitable for 25-30 doe species. The breeding period must be moderately full. The degree of sophistication has an important impact on accelerating the mating schedule and increasing the fetus deterrence rate. Well-fed doe herds, early estrus, high conception rates, and twin births. Tests have shown that using superovulation technology during the breeding period can increase the twin birth rate by 5%.
2. During feeding and management during pregnancy, the deer gestation period takes about seven and a half months. It mainly refers to December of each year and 4 years of the following year. In early pregnancy, the fetus grows faster. As the fetus grows, the uterus of the doe gradually increases and the body weight continues to increase. In the later stages of pregnancy, the weight of the deer will increase by 10-15 kilograms and the first-born doe will gain 15-20 kilograms. During the second trimester of pregnancy, the calcium content should be appropriately increased, and small, good quality, palatable, and easily digestible feed should be selected.
3, feeding and management during lactation, doe from the beginning of May, one after another lambing, until the next August all weaned, the average lactation period of about 3 months. Doe lactating large amounts of milk to the young deer, postpartum lactation increased gradually, generally within 30-45 days after childbirth reaches the peak of lactation for 45-50 days, and then gradually decline. Various nutrients in milk come directly from the blood, indirectly from various nutrients in the feed. Therefore, during the lactation period, the female deer must supplement abundant feeds such as protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins to increase milk production.
4. Reproduction of doe's nutritional needs.
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