Breeding and breeding of large-mouthed hybrids
2019-06-04 11:04:38
In the early 1990s, Guangdong Province introduced Silums meridionlis from the Yangtze River. In 1992, it was successfully propagated in aquaculture farms in Nanhai City. In 1994, 1.5~3.0 cm fry were hatched for more than 1 million fry for the fish farmers in the Pearl River Delta. Try to raise. The production practice results show that the growth of ponds in the South China area is abnormally rapid. In the summer of breeding 70 days, from 3cm in body length to an average weight of 0.7kg per tail body, the largest is 1kg; the average body weight of 380 days old can reach 4.9kg, and the maximum weight is 9kg, its growth rate is higher than that of Luofei. Fish and freshwater fleas are also faster, ranking first in pond-fish farming. Under the conditions of summer water temperature in Guangdong, largemouth sculpins were farmed for more than 2 months, and the amount of chilled fish fed daily was sufficient, and the yield of large-mouthed oysters cultivated per acre pond was up to 1000kg. Largemouth owls are large, fast-growing, and have a delicious meat taste and are popular with consumers. However, due to the ferocious carnivorous fishes in the rivers of the Yangtze River, the upper and lower jaws have fine villous hairs, upper mouth and lower jaw, and their ends are at least opposite to the central part of the eyeball. Therefore, it is not only possible to compare individuals in ponds. Large-scale cultured fish devour and often remain crippled in the same category. In the nursery stage, there is fratricidal activity, with varying sizes and low survival rate. Therefore, fish and fishery science and technology workers hope that through interspecific hybridization, their offspring can not only maintain their original advantages, but also overcome their defects. In the early 1990s, inter-species interspecific hybridization experiments were conducted in the main producing areas of the Pearl River Delta. Hybridization with male bigmouth bass and female salmon (Siluius asotus) was successful. The big-mouthed hybrid looks like a father. The mother carp is distributed in rivers and its tributaries such as the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. Carp and bigmouth bass belong to different species. Herring body and body side were grayish black or brown, ventral surface white, cheeks with yellowish green; large dorsal carcass dorsal body showed a lighter dark brown side, cheeks are gray. The individuals and their mouths are smaller than the bigmouth bream; the individuals of the squid are generally 0.5-1.0kg, and the largest is only a few kilograms, while the big scorpion can reach more than 30kg. Carp is a carnivorous fish with a mild temperament, while the bigmouth bass is a ferocious fish with a daily intake of several times that of carp. Carp sex matures earlier. In southern China, females are sexually mature at the age of one year, while big-mouthed males generally mature later, females are 4th instars, and males are sexually mature at 3rd instars, and the number of small individuals is 43,000. Many grains, the largest of which amounted to 108,500, while the small individual carp, the amount of eggs is low, mostly thousands to 10,000 grains. Both squid and bigmouth lick eggs are cohesive eggs, and fertilized eggs adhere to water grass, gravel, and reefs. Bigmouth bass and eel eat basically the same, mostly small fish, shrimp and aquatic insects, benthic animal feed. Under the conditions of pond culture, the main feeding method is chilled mixed fish. These two species of squid are more hidden during the day and are active at night. They are middle-lower fishes.
The large-mouthed hybrids not only have the characteristics of large individuals, fast growth, strong feeding power, and delicious meat taste, but also have the inherent mildness of the mother carp, relatively weak cohorts, and low feeding power. Livestock breeding has a higher survival rate. Therefore, the large-mouthed hybrids show their heterosis in the breeding process, and comprehensively exert their unique advantages to overcome the inherent disadvantages of their parents. Hybrids have neither the ferocious, gluttonous, or murderous personality that the male slobber has, nor does it show that the female parent has the characteristics of being small and growing slowly. Therefore, since the large-mouth hybrids were introduced in 1993, after several years of trials and production practices of specialized fish farmers, they have received consistent favorable comments, arguing that large-mouthed hybrids are suitable for pond culture in the Pearl River Delta. In the market is also very popular with consumers. At present, the majority of farmers have rapidly shifted from stocking large-mouthed species to large-mouthed hybrids; the so-called bigmouth bass that is sold on the market is also basically a large-mouthed hybrid.
Breeding and breeding techniques of bigmouth bass hybrids
(a) The big-mouthed crossbreeding broodstock mainly uses the Yangtze River estuary as the male parent and the Pearl River lionfish as the female parent for interspecific hybridization. The Yangtze River estuary is matured in ponds for 2 to 3 years. The 3rd instar fish weighs 5 to 10 kg. The Pearl River mullet matures in 2 years and weighs 0.4 to 0.8 kg. When the male big-mouthed ovary matures, there is a small amount of semen out of the abdomen; the belly of the female squid is slightly swollen and soft. Artificial aphrodisiac uses special salmon hormones for oxytocin production. Two injections, 6 hours apart. When the injection needle is at noon, the dose of female salmon is 2000-2200 IU per kilogram, and the second needle is at 6:00 PM, and the dose is 1000-2000 IU. The male squid halved, the culling season generally begins in February and March, and the peak in April and May. The optimum water temperature is 23~27°C and the effect is poor at 28°C or above. The effect time is generally 10~12h after the second injection. During spawning, artificial insemination is used to first squeeze the eggs of an eel into a clean pot, and then squeeze the semen with the egg. If the number of oviposition eggs is large, if the number of ejaculates of the eel is not sufficient, the large-mouthed eel will be released. The appropriate wound was cut in the abdomen, and the testes were removed and cut into small pieces in 7% physiological saline. The mixture was gently stirred to dissolve more spermatozoa in the testis in physiological saline, and then quickly infused into the egg to insemination. After the testicles of the male scorpionfish were taken out, the abdomen was quickly disinfected with iodine and the wounds were slit with nylon thread and carefully placed back in the pond. Due to the strong vitality of the big-mouthed raccoon, abdominal wounds healed after more than one month, and the testes can continue to be used again in the next year. However, attention should be paid to leaving the neurovascular portion of the testis when removing the testis, which is the fundamental guarantee for the future development of the testes. After artificial insemination, the fertilized eggs are hatched. There are two methods for hatching. The first method is to incubate the fertilized eggs on the roots of the water lettuce or the hyacinth basket. First, most of the leaves of the collected watercress and phoenix eye baskets were cut off, the muddy dirt attached to the roots was cleaned, and then the fertilized eggs of the bigmouth larvae were evenly adhered to the roots, and then bundled. The roots of the water lilies, which have a large number of fertilized eggs, are incubated in a hatchery dish with micro-flowing water. The second type is a net woven from nylon threads and has a size of 3m5m. The newly fertilized egg is evenly adhered to the grid, and then slowly sinks to the bottom of the concrete tank and is incubated with micro-flowing water. At a water temperature of 23 to 27°C, fertilized eggs hatched after 30 to 32 hours. After hatching, the larvae should clean the egg shells and all kinds of sundries. After the larvae grow into pods 2 to 3 days after hatching and start feeding, the larvae can be stocked in the cement pool for cultivation. The cement pool is 82.5m in size and the water depth is 30cm. The cement pool must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before being released, and the debris should be removed and put into unpolluted river or well water. If tap water is used as the water source, oxygen should be exposed before restocking to remove chlorine from the water. 30,000 to 40,000 fish fry were bred in each cement pool and live rotifers, leeches, and silk worms were fed daily. At a water temperature of 27 to 30°C, larvae grow up to 3 cm in length after 15 days of incubation. At this point, the hybrid fry can be moved to a fry cultivation pond for further cultivation. Two-and-a-half 3cm hybrid fry 2500-3000 were stocked per acre pond and artificial feed was fed every day. The preparation method was as follows: first, chilled mixed fish was crushed into fish paste, then 3kg of carp feed was added per 100kg of fresh fish paste, and then fishmeal was added 5kg. Evenly mixed, fed 3 to 4 times a day. In addition, it is also possible to use 70% chilled fish paste, add 20% broken minced snail meat, and then add 10% of soybean flour or corn flour evenly. Under conditions of high water temperature in South China in the summer, the hybrid fry is invigorated and grows rapidly. After two weeks in the pond, the length of the fry can grow to 7~8cm. At this point, it can be moved to adult fish ponds.
(II) Adult culture of large-mouth bream breeding Cross-breeding of large-mouth bream adult fish in the Pearl River Delta adopts a single-cultivation method. In addition to stocking a small amount of carp as a controlled plankton, the pond is not put into other fish polyculture. , culturing 7~8cm large-mouth hybrid seedlings with 1200~1500 tails per mu. All feeds were chopped chilled mixed fish and fed 1 or 2 times a day. The amount of fish fed was initially 7-8% of the total fish weight. Later, as the fish grew, it dropped to 5%. Under the conditions of Guangdong summer water temperature (28~32°C), the average weight of each tail is 0.4~0.5kg after raising 55~60 days, and the maximum is 0.6~0.8kg per tail, which has reached the market size of commercial fish. If you do not harvest at this time, have been raised to the end of the year, the average weight of 3.5 ~ 4.0kg per tail, the maximum up to 6 ~ 6.5kg. Adult fish breeding has a feed coefficient of 2.8-3.0. According to the calculation of annual production of large-mouth hybrids in ponds, the annual yield per mu is about 1500kg. The current market price is 12 to 15 yuan per kg, and the output value of large-mouth hybrids per mu is between 1.8 and 22,500 yuan. Such as the cost of cost, profit of 6000 ~ 10500 yuan per acre, the future if the market price no longer decline, breeding large-mouth hybrids for the majority of farmers, still has a certain degree of attraction.
There are problems that currently affect largemouth bass Crossbreeding There are major water pollution problems. Largemouth bass hybrids are infertile and therefore each year requires crossbreeding through fry propagation. In recent years, with the rapid economic development in the pond area of ​​the Pearl River Delta, Sino-foreign equity joint ventures and township and township factory enterprises have been increasing. Electroplating, chemical textile printing and dyeing industries have discharged rivers and rivers with untreated industrial water, which has increased the amount of water used as breeding water for fry. The pollution is becoming more and more serious and poses a serious threat to the breeding and breeding of freshwater fish. Since both bigmouth squid and squid come from rivers, in the breeding process, embryos and larvae have stricter water quality requirements and are more sensitive to environmental pollution. In the development of embryos and larvae, a large number of sudden deaths occur due to poor water quality. In recent years, the author investigated some breeding sites of fish fry in Zhongshan and found that in the process of larvae breeding to 3cm in size, the larvae exhibited poor appetite. They traveled alone and were dark in color and eventually died in large numbers. No microscopic examination was found. There are any parasites and other lesions, the water pH is low. The Jidong Second Special Aquaculture Breeding Ground in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City, is one of the most significant aquatic breeding grounds in the Pearl River Delta where large-mouth bass crossbreeding is performed. After the success of large-mouth hybrid breeding in 1993, the annual output of large-mouthed hybrid seedlings was 3-4 million in 1994; the annual output in 1995-1996 rose to more than 10 million; in 1997, the water quality was seriously deteriorated and the seedling raising process progressed. Hybrid fish fry are often found dead at body lengths of 1.5 to 2.0 cm. Despite adopting various improvement measures in 1998, the annual output was only over 2 million, and the economic benefits have been declining year by year. At present, the issue of water quality pollution in the Pearl River Delta has yet to be completely improved by the attention and efforts of the environmental protection and industrial sectors. This process will take some time and it will take a long time to reach it. However, as aquaculture breeding grounds in the current situation of serious water pollution, we must take practical measures to get rid of the current predicament and seek a way out. At present, the deterioration of water quality in the Pearl River Delta not only affects the reproduction of various freshwater fish species, but also causes adverse factors for the breeding of various quality fish cultures including eels. In recent years, specialized aquaculture farmers have begun to move the farms from the traditional main pond producing areas such as Shunde, Nanhai and Zhongshan to the fishery in the mountains of Gaoming and Yangshan. These areas have not only low rents but also more valuable water resources. Adequate and excellent water quality, but also due to the lower water temperature is conducive to the safe migration of European seedlings. Therefore, the author believes that certain specialized aquatic breeding grounds in the main production areas of ponds in the Pearl River Delta that specialize in the crossbreeding of largemouth basses may consider gradually shifting from areas where water quality is seriously polluted to areas with good water quality and continue to effectively engage in various quality fish species. Breeding work.
The large-mouthed hybrids not only have the characteristics of large individuals, fast growth, strong feeding power, and delicious meat taste, but also have the inherent mildness of the mother carp, relatively weak cohorts, and low feeding power. Livestock breeding has a higher survival rate. Therefore, the large-mouthed hybrids show their heterosis in the breeding process, and comprehensively exert their unique advantages to overcome the inherent disadvantages of their parents. Hybrids have neither the ferocious, gluttonous, or murderous personality that the male slobber has, nor does it show that the female parent has the characteristics of being small and growing slowly. Therefore, since the large-mouth hybrids were introduced in 1993, after several years of trials and production practices of specialized fish farmers, they have received consistent favorable comments, arguing that large-mouthed hybrids are suitable for pond culture in the Pearl River Delta. In the market is also very popular with consumers. At present, the majority of farmers have rapidly shifted from stocking large-mouthed species to large-mouthed hybrids; the so-called bigmouth bass that is sold on the market is also basically a large-mouthed hybrid.
Breeding and breeding techniques of bigmouth bass hybrids
(a) The big-mouthed crossbreeding broodstock mainly uses the Yangtze River estuary as the male parent and the Pearl River lionfish as the female parent for interspecific hybridization. The Yangtze River estuary is matured in ponds for 2 to 3 years. The 3rd instar fish weighs 5 to 10 kg. The Pearl River mullet matures in 2 years and weighs 0.4 to 0.8 kg. When the male big-mouthed ovary matures, there is a small amount of semen out of the abdomen; the belly of the female squid is slightly swollen and soft. Artificial aphrodisiac uses special salmon hormones for oxytocin production. Two injections, 6 hours apart. When the injection needle is at noon, the dose of female salmon is 2000-2200 IU per kilogram, and the second needle is at 6:00 PM, and the dose is 1000-2000 IU. The male squid halved, the culling season generally begins in February and March, and the peak in April and May. The optimum water temperature is 23~27°C and the effect is poor at 28°C or above. The effect time is generally 10~12h after the second injection. During spawning, artificial insemination is used to first squeeze the eggs of an eel into a clean pot, and then squeeze the semen with the egg. If the number of oviposition eggs is large, if the number of ejaculates of the eel is not sufficient, the large-mouthed eel will be released. The appropriate wound was cut in the abdomen, and the testes were removed and cut into small pieces in 7% physiological saline. The mixture was gently stirred to dissolve more spermatozoa in the testis in physiological saline, and then quickly infused into the egg to insemination. After the testicles of the male scorpionfish were taken out, the abdomen was quickly disinfected with iodine and the wounds were slit with nylon thread and carefully placed back in the pond. Due to the strong vitality of the big-mouthed raccoon, abdominal wounds healed after more than one month, and the testes can continue to be used again in the next year. However, attention should be paid to leaving the neurovascular portion of the testis when removing the testis, which is the fundamental guarantee for the future development of the testes. After artificial insemination, the fertilized eggs are hatched. There are two methods for hatching. The first method is to incubate the fertilized eggs on the roots of the water lettuce or the hyacinth basket. First, most of the leaves of the collected watercress and phoenix eye baskets were cut off, the muddy dirt attached to the roots was cleaned, and then the fertilized eggs of the bigmouth larvae were evenly adhered to the roots, and then bundled. The roots of the water lilies, which have a large number of fertilized eggs, are incubated in a hatchery dish with micro-flowing water. The second type is a net woven from nylon threads and has a size of 3m5m. The newly fertilized egg is evenly adhered to the grid, and then slowly sinks to the bottom of the concrete tank and is incubated with micro-flowing water. At a water temperature of 23 to 27°C, fertilized eggs hatched after 30 to 32 hours. After hatching, the larvae should clean the egg shells and all kinds of sundries. After the larvae grow into pods 2 to 3 days after hatching and start feeding, the larvae can be stocked in the cement pool for cultivation. The cement pool is 82.5m in size and the water depth is 30cm. The cement pool must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before being released, and the debris should be removed and put into unpolluted river or well water. If tap water is used as the water source, oxygen should be exposed before restocking to remove chlorine from the water. 30,000 to 40,000 fish fry were bred in each cement pool and live rotifers, leeches, and silk worms were fed daily. At a water temperature of 27 to 30°C, larvae grow up to 3 cm in length after 15 days of incubation. At this point, the hybrid fry can be moved to a fry cultivation pond for further cultivation. Two-and-a-half 3cm hybrid fry 2500-3000 were stocked per acre pond and artificial feed was fed every day. The preparation method was as follows: first, chilled mixed fish was crushed into fish paste, then 3kg of carp feed was added per 100kg of fresh fish paste, and then fishmeal was added 5kg. Evenly mixed, fed 3 to 4 times a day. In addition, it is also possible to use 70% chilled fish paste, add 20% broken minced snail meat, and then add 10% of soybean flour or corn flour evenly. Under conditions of high water temperature in South China in the summer, the hybrid fry is invigorated and grows rapidly. After two weeks in the pond, the length of the fry can grow to 7~8cm. At this point, it can be moved to adult fish ponds.
(II) Adult culture of large-mouth bream breeding Cross-breeding of large-mouth bream adult fish in the Pearl River Delta adopts a single-cultivation method. In addition to stocking a small amount of carp as a controlled plankton, the pond is not put into other fish polyculture. , culturing 7~8cm large-mouth hybrid seedlings with 1200~1500 tails per mu. All feeds were chopped chilled mixed fish and fed 1 or 2 times a day. The amount of fish fed was initially 7-8% of the total fish weight. Later, as the fish grew, it dropped to 5%. Under the conditions of Guangdong summer water temperature (28~32°C), the average weight of each tail is 0.4~0.5kg after raising 55~60 days, and the maximum is 0.6~0.8kg per tail, which has reached the market size of commercial fish. If you do not harvest at this time, have been raised to the end of the year, the average weight of 3.5 ~ 4.0kg per tail, the maximum up to 6 ~ 6.5kg. Adult fish breeding has a feed coefficient of 2.8-3.0. According to the calculation of annual production of large-mouth hybrids in ponds, the annual yield per mu is about 1500kg. The current market price is 12 to 15 yuan per kg, and the output value of large-mouth hybrids per mu is between 1.8 and 22,500 yuan. Such as the cost of cost, profit of 6000 ~ 10500 yuan per acre, the future if the market price no longer decline, breeding large-mouth hybrids for the majority of farmers, still has a certain degree of attraction.
There are problems that currently affect largemouth bass Crossbreeding There are major water pollution problems. Largemouth bass hybrids are infertile and therefore each year requires crossbreeding through fry propagation. In recent years, with the rapid economic development in the pond area of ​​the Pearl River Delta, Sino-foreign equity joint ventures and township and township factory enterprises have been increasing. Electroplating, chemical textile printing and dyeing industries have discharged rivers and rivers with untreated industrial water, which has increased the amount of water used as breeding water for fry. The pollution is becoming more and more serious and poses a serious threat to the breeding and breeding of freshwater fish. Since both bigmouth squid and squid come from rivers, in the breeding process, embryos and larvae have stricter water quality requirements and are more sensitive to environmental pollution. In the development of embryos and larvae, a large number of sudden deaths occur due to poor water quality. In recent years, the author investigated some breeding sites of fish fry in Zhongshan and found that in the process of larvae breeding to 3cm in size, the larvae exhibited poor appetite. They traveled alone and were dark in color and eventually died in large numbers. No microscopic examination was found. There are any parasites and other lesions, the water pH is low. The Jidong Second Special Aquaculture Breeding Ground in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City, is one of the most significant aquatic breeding grounds in the Pearl River Delta where large-mouth bass crossbreeding is performed. After the success of large-mouth hybrid breeding in 1993, the annual output of large-mouthed hybrid seedlings was 3-4 million in 1994; the annual output in 1995-1996 rose to more than 10 million; in 1997, the water quality was seriously deteriorated and the seedling raising process progressed. Hybrid fish fry are often found dead at body lengths of 1.5 to 2.0 cm. Despite adopting various improvement measures in 1998, the annual output was only over 2 million, and the economic benefits have been declining year by year. At present, the issue of water quality pollution in the Pearl River Delta has yet to be completely improved by the attention and efforts of the environmental protection and industrial sectors. This process will take some time and it will take a long time to reach it. However, as aquaculture breeding grounds in the current situation of serious water pollution, we must take practical measures to get rid of the current predicament and seek a way out. At present, the deterioration of water quality in the Pearl River Delta not only affects the reproduction of various freshwater fish species, but also causes adverse factors for the breeding of various quality fish cultures including eels. In recent years, specialized aquaculture farmers have begun to move the farms from the traditional main pond producing areas such as Shunde, Nanhai and Zhongshan to the fishery in the mountains of Gaoming and Yangshan. These areas have not only low rents but also more valuable water resources. Adequate and excellent water quality, but also due to the lower water temperature is conducive to the safe migration of European seedlings. Therefore, the author believes that certain specialized aquatic breeding grounds in the main production areas of ponds in the Pearl River Delta that specialize in the crossbreeding of largemouth basses may consider gradually shifting from areas where water quality is seriously polluted to areas with good water quality and continue to effectively engage in various quality fish species. Breeding work.
Catalyst refers to a substance which can change the reaction speed in a chemical reaction and whose composition and mass remain unchanged after the reaction. The catalysts that speed up the reaction are called Positive Cata-lyst and the slower ones are called Negative Cata LYST or moderators. Generally speaking, the catalyst is to correct the catalyst. These catalysts are widely used in industry, especially in organic chemical industry. They are of great significance, for example, catalysts are needed for the preparation of sulfuric acid by contact method, the hydrolysis of synthetic ammonia, esters and polysaccharides, and the hydrogenation of oils and fats. Commonly used catalysts are metals, metal oxides and inorganic acids. If the catalyst is a solid, the reactant is a gas, forming a heterogeneous catalytic reaction, this catalyst, sometimes called a catalyst or contact agent.
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