Spring corn quality and high yield fertilization essentials

Spring corn is one of the major food crops in China. Whether or not high-quality and high-yield products are related to many factors, the following focuses on fertilization technology issues.

1, need fertilizer characteristics

"Big bell" is the key period of top-dressing maize seedling nitrogen absorption less nitrogen, jointing period significantly increased, from booting to heading peak. Among them, the period from jointing to big bell-mouth, especially the big bell-mouth period, is the critical period for topdressing nitrogen fertilizer.

The "three-leaf clover" has a special role in the large trumpet protruding out of the trumpet (ear leaf and its upper and lower leaves), and has an important influence on the number of spikes and grains per panicle. It is necessary to improve and prolong the photosynthetic efficiency of the barley trifoliate by appropriately shifting the center of gravity of nitrogen fertilizer, reasonable close planting, and removing rice at the heading stage and detasseling at the flowering stage.

It is easy for zinc-deficient maize to be sensitive to zinc deficiency. Fields that produce high yields continuously but do not apply farmyard fertilizers for a long period of time are more prone to zinc deficiency. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizers can also lead to zinc deficiency. When symptoms of zinc deficiency or zinc deficiency may occur, 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate fertilizer or foliar fertilizer such as zinc sulfate may be sprayed with the base fertilizer.

It is the plant density of single-cropping crops that has a great influence on the yield. If high-yield and super-high-yield are to be achieved, it is necessary to use compact and tight-tolerant varieties, and to appropriately increase planting density. Under reasonable dense planting conditions, the amount of fertilization should increase with increasing density.

With strong roots, maize roots are well developed, deeper into the soil, and the application of farmyard manure or straw to the field should be combined with deep plowing after the autumn harvest in the previous year; no-tillage film in dry areas should be combined with regular deep plowing or deep soil loosening. The top dressing should be timely irrigated with cultivator soil or table fertilization.

2, fertilization technology

According to the local production, a large number of scientific research, production practices and sample analysis of production and fertilizers have proved that soil N, P, K nutrient levels and fertilization rates have the characteristics of regional stability and field variability. Therefore, firstly, the target yield should be determined according to the climate, soil conditions and production technology level of the planting region, and the corresponding fertilizer application amount should be determined accordingly. On this basis, according to the soil test results or long-term production experience, the target production fertilization amount for specific fields will be further fine-tuned.

Specific practices can refer to the right table. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the area where fertilization blocks are located and determine the target yield based on the crop's production potential. If no soil fertigation results are available, the average yield of continuous high yields in the last three years can be increased by 10%-15% as the target yield, and then the corresponding fertilization amount can be found. For example, the average output of a farmer in Changchun City, Jilin Province in the last three years is 695 kg/mu. From the table on the right, the fertilizer plots are in the semi-humid spring corn zone in the northeast. Based on the average output increase of 10%, the target output is 675+67510%=742.5 (kg/mu). Based on this, it was found that the yield was within the range of 700-800 target output in the right table, and the corresponding total amount of fertilizer (kg/mu) was N12.0-13.5, P2O55.5-6.5, and K2O4.0-4.5, respectively. Finally, according to the specific circumstances, these nutrient application amount can be converted into specific fertilizer application amount, or compound fertilizer with similar nutrient ratio or application of formula fertilizer can be used.

Determine the fertilization period and the proportion of fertilizer distribution farmyard manure as base fertilizer, and preferably combined with autumn ploughing in the previous year; basal nitrogen ratio, in addition to one-time fertilization and drought scarcity of fertilizer, generally does not exceed the total fertility period 50%, and before the application of basal fertility, or excessive nitrogen application, will inevitably cause the seedlings in the early period of madness, later lodging or deferment. The top dressing of nitrogen should focus on the big bell-mouth period. Unless it is thin and thin, it is generally not to top-dress during the jointing stage, otherwise it will increase the risk of lodging. The appropriate amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer from tasselling to grain filling can ensure grain filling and increase corn yield and quality. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers have a long duration in soil, and the critical period of phosphorus nutrition is at the seedling stage. After the silking stage, the crop no longer absorbs potassium. Therefore, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be applied as a single base fertilizer; as for trace element fertilizers, A variety of methods can be used, such as basal application and foliar spray. For example, spraying 0.1%-0.2% zinc sulfate solution from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, spraying 1% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the weak seedlings, can prevent zinc deficiency and strengthen seedlings and seedlings.

Appropriate fertilization methods should be applied to base fertilizers and top dressings of nitrogen fertilizers except in dry areas and with mechanized stratified fertilization conditions. Fertilization methods include spreading, applying (gully application), acupuncture, etc., which can be selected as appropriate. Organic manure and calcium, magnesium, and phosphate fertilizers are applied in large amounts and are often combined with ploughing and soil preparation to achieve soil and fertilizer compatibility. For calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers, soil acidity can also be used to increase fertilizer efficiency; corn is a medium-tillage crop, and topdressing and seed fertilizer can be applied with acupoints or strips, so that limited fertilizers are closer to the roots. However, the fertilizer should be misplaced to prevent burning of seedlings; fast-acting phosphate fertilizers such as superphosphate and diammonium phosphate should also be applied or applied in order to reduce the fixation of phosphorus by soil. For mechanized one-time fertilization, the fertilizer should be applied to different depths of soil, and the amount of base fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately increased.

3, comprehensive management

Comprehensive management is to closely coordinate agricultural measures such as fertilization and fine seed selection, seed treatment, proper close planting, improving the quality of sowing and farming, scientific water use and water conservation, and strengthening pest control, so as to give full play to the potential for increase in fertilizer production.

To achieve Miao-Quan, Miao-Qi, Miao-Zhuang good land is the premise of high quality and high yield, to use resistant, compact, dense varieties; seed treatment before sowing, improve the quality of sowing; rational use of base fertilizer or seed fertilizer.

Reasonable close planting and prevention of lodging can increase the planting density and increase the number of mussels, but the risk of plant lodging also increases. Therefore, cultivating soil, applying fertilizer and applying no fertilizer are appropriate.

Reasonably irrigated from bell mouth to filling stage, especially silking stage, soil drought has the greatest damage to corn. It is necessary to adopt timely measures such as sprinkler irrigation and furrow irrigation according to soil moisture content and weather changes; mechanized “one dragon seat” should be used in northern arid areas. "Water sowing" and micro-irrigation fertilization advanced technologies such as water and fertilizer integration.

Prevention and control of pests and weeds Reasonable fertilization and appropriate application of potash fertilizer can improve crop resistance; at the same time, we must prevent smut and other diseases and underground pests through crop rotation, seed treatment, etc.; and use cultivator and weed control, chemical control, and biological control. Combine and timely control the pests and weeds in different growth periods.

Harvest timely and pay attention to late water and fertilizer management to prevent abnormal early maturing due to defertilization and drought. However, the application of nitrogen fertilizer can not be excessive and too late to prevent corn greed green later; the disappearance of the corn grain milk line is the best harvest period, to organize good manpower and equipment, timely harvest.

Suggestions on Fertilization in Main Growing Areas of Spring Maize in China

According to the Ministry of Agriculture's 2013 "Notice of Large Formulation and Fertilization Recommendations for the Three Major Crops of Wheat, Maize, and Rice" and the "Guidelines for the Scientific Fertilization Techniques for Main Crops in Spring 2015," data was compiled.

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