Immunotherapy may be a "tool" to cure AIDS
Immunotherapy may be a "tool" to cure AIDS
November 18, 2016 Source: Bio Valley
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];Since the discovery of AIDS in the 1980s, scientists around the world have invested a lot of manpower and resources, and have developed more than a dozen vaccines and nearly one hundred therapeutic drugs, but so far no specific drug has been found to completely treat AIDS. As a new weapon to treat AIDS, “Cocktail†therapy immediately sensationalized the entire medical community, and scientists from all over the world gave this therapy a high rating.
In recent years, immunotherapy has gradually become a popular treatment for cancer, but as the research progressed, scientists began to use immunotherapy to treat HIV infection.
[1] Human HIV immunotherapy treatment was the first success
According to a letter published by Nature in the April 8 issue, the first study using a powerful antibody to test a therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, also known as HIV) reduced the HIV viral load to a maximum. One hundredth of a percent. Previous studies on a different version of the immunodeficiency virus in transgenic mice and non-human primates have shown success, but this is the first test to test this therapy in humans.
Barry Zingman, MD, medical director and clinical director of infectious diseases at the Montefiore Medical Center Moses Division, said: "The results of this study are very important because It is the first evidence to prove that an antibody-based therapy can effectively control HIV infection.†He said: “If further research continues to show efficacy and no side effects.†then this therapy may replace or supplement Currently used HIV standard drugs.
Although Zengman is not one of the authors of the study, his AIDS Center is one of those organizations working with the research team to study the antibody and related therapies, and his AIDS Center transferred patients to the research team. This antibody therapy injected antibodies into 12 uninfected HIV and 17 HIV-infected participants at different concentrations, and they were observed for 56 days. The largest reduction in viral load (up to a three-fold reduction) occurred in eight infected individuals who received the highest dose (30 mg/kg body weight).
[2] The latest research: immunotherapy is expected to treat AIDS
In recent years, immunotherapy to treat cancer has become a hot topic. But a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that the treatment is also expected to be used to treat even functional cures.
Researchers at institutions such as the University of Pennsylvania have injected a broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody called VRC01 into 24 HIV carriers. It has been shown to safely induce the immune system to produce large amounts of this antibody, which is appropriately delayed after discontinuation. The time of the HIV rebound. The downside is that this virus inhibits the body in most subjects for up to 8 weeks.
Pablo Trobas, director of the University of Pennsylvania Clinical Trials Center, who is in charge of the study, said in a statement that the study used only one antibody and they believe that immunotherapy combined with more powerful antibodies may help to effectively control HIV. "We are unlikely to completely eradicate a person's HIV infection in the near future, but functional cure is a reasonable intermediate goal."
[3] JVI: First use of CAR-T immunotherapy to kill HIV-infected cells
Doi:10.1128/JVI.00805-16
An immunotherapy that achieves good results in treating cancer may also be used to fight HIV, a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
In a new study, researchers from the AIDS Research Institute and the AIDS Research Center at the University of California, Los Angeles confirmed that recently discovered antibodies can be used to generate a specific type of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells ( CAR-T), then it is possible to use this CAR-T to kill HIV-1 infected cells. The results of the study were published in the August 2016 issue of the Journal of Virology, entitled "HIV-1-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptors Based on Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies."
CAR-T is produced by genetically engineering T cells to produce receptors on their surface that target and kill specific cells containing viral or tumor proteins. Chimeric receptors are becoming the focus of ongoing research on how gene immunotherapy can be used to fight cancer. However, the author of the paper, Dr. Otto Yang, professor of infectious diseases at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, said they can also be used to generate powerful immune responses against HIV.
[4] Multinational scientists working together to develop new HIV immunotherapy is expected to be developed
News reading: New research shows promise for immunotherapy as HIV treatment
Today, immunotherapy has become a revolutionary treatment in oncology, neurology, and many areas of infectious disease research. Recently, researchers published in the international journal NEJM reported that researchers from institutions such as the University of Pennsylvania reported their use. Immunotherapy to successfully treat HIV infection; in the article, the researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of how to use immunotherapy to develop functional therapies for HIV infection and how to eliminate the daily medications needed by people living with the virus.
Researchers who have studied chronic HIV infection have found that injection of a widely-neutralized HIV antibody (bNAb), commonly known as VRC01, is safe and produces high levels of antibodies in the patient's body, compared to the control group. It can moderately slow down the rebound of HIV virus in the patient's body. However, in most infected people, this inhibition does not exceed 8 weeks. The researchers pointed out that HIV-specific antibodies may act as long-acting factors to inhibit or kill HIV-infected cells. The purpose of this method is to Prolonged inhibition of HIV reproduction in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.
Pablo Tebas, MD, points out that I want to compare these findings with the results of HIV treatment started in the 1980s. In this study we only saw one antibody, but in fact we might be able to use multiple potential antibodies. Combine methods to successfully control viruses. In the early years of HIV drug therapy, the first antiretroviral drug could be treated as a single factor to treat HIV-infected people, but the virus quickly developed resistance and rebounded, with additional antiretroviral Viral drugs are used to target HIV, and new combination drugs are able to perform long-lasting viral suppression.
[5] PNAS: immune cell gene editing brings hope to cancer and AIDS
Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512503112
Many mutations in humans are associated with genetic mutations. For example, albinism is caused by a point mutation in the tyrosinase gene that causes tyrosinase dysfunction, leading to melanin synthesis disorders. There are also a number of conditions involving dysfunction caused by multiple genetic mutations. If you can use some kind of precise gene editing method to repair these gene mutations, in theory, you can relieve the disease to some extent. Mutations in human T cells cause abnormal function, which can lead to the emergence or aggravation of many diseases. For the genetic modification of T cells, immunotherapy for cancer, AIDS, immunodeficiency disease, and autoimmune diseases may bring new hope. Scientists in San Francisco, California, have successfully adapted the human T cell genome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the progress is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Their use of Cas9 to accurately engineer the success of primary lymphocytes is the beginning of genetic engineering treatment for the treatment of disease, a milestone.
The idea of ​​genetic modification of T lymphocytes has long been proposed, and in theory, scientists believe that the transformation of T lymphocytes may be used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer. However, it is not easy to engineer the genome of T lymphocytes, and only a few cells can complete genome editing. The genetic modification system needs to knock out some genes in the T lymphocytes, add some genes into the genome, and also need to repair some of the mutated gene loci. The latest study, using the Cas9 system, caused the CXCR4 protein-encoding gene to be randomly inserted into base or base-loss mutations with reduced expression. This CXCR4 protein is a key factor in the recognition of T lymphocytes by the HIV virus.
[6] Two Science reveals that antibody therapy is expected to cure HIV
Doi:10.1126/science.aaf0972 doi:10.1126/science.aaf1279
The development of antiretroviral therapy -- a combination of drugs that delay the replication of HIV in vivo -- has dramatically changed the treatment of HIV infection. HIV infection, once declared a death sentence, is now a chronic disease: patients can carry HIV for decades.
But this therapy also has its shortcomings. Its side effects include kidney problems, decreased bone density, and gastrointestinal problems. If a person stops his or her treatment, or even takes a few doses of medication, the level of HIV in the body can rebound quickly.
Researchers from Rockefeller University in the United States, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Cologne, Germany, are developing a new therapy: antibody-based drugs that may provide a better strategy for long-term HIV control. Today, the results of two studies conducted in a Phase I clinical trial provide new insights into how antibodies work. The results of the study were also published in the May 5, 2016 issue of Science, entitled "HIV-1 therapy with monoclonal antibody 3BNC117 elicits host immune responses against HIV-1" and "Enhanced clearance of HIV-1–infected Cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo".
[7]Nature: Experimental vaccine combined with immunostimulant is expected to treat HIV
Doi:10.1038/nature20583
In a new study, researchers from the US Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, the Walter Reed Army Research Institute, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, and Gilead Science confirmed an experimental The combination of a vaccine with an innate immune stimulant may help to reduce the virus in HIV-infected individuals. In animal clinical trials, this combination reduces HIV viral DNA levels in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, increases viral suppression and delays viral rebound after antiretroviral therapy (ART) is discontinued. The results of the study were published online November 9, 2016 in the journal Nature, entitled "Ad26/MVA Therapeutic Vaccination with TLR7 Stimulation in SIV-Infected Rhesus Monkeys".
"The goal of our research is to identify a functional treatment for HIV infection, not to eradicate the virus, but to Control it without ART. Current ART drugs, although saving lives, will not cure HIV infection. They just suppress it. We are trying to develop strategies to achieve long-term without ART treatment. Virus suppression."
In general, vaccines "teach" the body to clear viral invaders by triggering an immune response. However, HIV attacks immune system cells. This virus kills most infected immune cells but remains dormant in other immune cells. This dormant, infected cell bank is the main cause of HIV infection that is currently not cured. Scientists believe that HIV remains dormant in this cell bank during ART treatment. Barouch and colleagues are working hard to develop strategies to pull the virus out of dormancy in order to achieve the goal of eradicating them from the body.
[8] Cell: New antibodies make AIDS treatment see new hope
Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.035
Widely neutralized antibodies are a very promising antibody drug for the prevention of HIV infection. Previous studies have found that there are a wide range of neutralizing antibodies in blood samples from some HIV patients whose immune system is capable of naturally controlling viral infections. These broadly neutralizing antibody antibodies are able to protect a patient's healthy cells by recognizing a protein that appears on the surface of all HIV subtypes, thereby inhibiting or neutralizing the viral effects.
Researchers from the California Institute of Technology published a new study in the famous international academic journal cell. They conducted an in-depth discussion on the specific mechanism of a particularly broadly neutralizing antibody to recognize this characteristic protein, using structural organisms. The method of learning describes in detail its functioning mechanism. They found that even when the protein changes its conformation during infection, it can be easily recognized by the antibody, thereby achieving the purpose of neutralizing the virus.
In 2014, researchers from Rockefeller University found a broad-based neutralizing antibody called 8ANC195 in some special HIV patients that can neutralize the virus by targeting a different antigenic epitope on the surface of the virus than previously recognized by other antibodies. effect.
[9] New treatments can completely cure AIDS!
Original source: A new treatment appears to have erased HIV from a patient's blood
A recent clinical trial of HIV treatment in the United Kingdom showed that one of the 50 treated patients did not detect any HIV virions for the first time in their blood.
This result is very happy, but it is still too early to say that the cure of HIV. Doctors suspect that HIV may recur, and because there are a large number of anti-HIV drugs in patients, it is impossible to prove that HIV is completely eliminated.
Researchers from the UK believe that their test results can provide new ideas for the treatment of HIV.
"This is a serious attempt in the direction of HIV's complete cure," said Mark Samuels, director of the NIH Clinical Research Branch Office, one of the researchers.
"We are working hard to develop a cure for HIV. Research in this area is very difficult, but we have made good progress."
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