Helping the development of new drugs in vitro "mini-organ" research is getting deeper
2024-01-13 10:07:12
[ China Pharmaceutical Network Technology News ] The current "mini" organ culture technology mainly uses stem cells to induce stem cells to differentiate into different types of cells in an organ by simulating the environment in which humans develop, and form the basic structure of organs. These "mini" organs have a wide range of uses in simulating disease processes and testing drugs in vitro.
These "mini" organs, which are made in the laboratory, are very small, but structurally mimic the fine structures inside many organs, such as the renal tubules inside the kidneys, the folds of the cerebral cortex, and the mucosa and the small intestine. Fluff. However, there are many differences between them and real human organs. The most important difference is that these in vitro "mini" organs lack blood vessels, and blood is essential for the growth and normal function of human organs. Therefore, these "mini" organs can only be in a "mini" state forever, and it is not possible to produce any extracorporeal organs that are close to the actual size. The rigorous scientists refer to these “mini†organs in vitro as “organs,†which mimic the earliest processes of organ formation and can be used to study how factors such as genetic mutations affect the function of normal organs.
The source of stem cells has a large impact on the formation of "mini" organs. Some researchers use pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells induced from somatic cells, which are theoretically capable of differentiating into any type of cell in the body. "Mini" organs grown from pluripotent stem cells are very useful for studying early organ development. For example, in a recent study on Zika virus, researchers studied the effects of the virus on the "mini" brain and found that the virus can kill neural precursor cells, thereby slowing brain development and leading to neonatal small head disease. Appearance.
Other researchers use stem cells found in various organs, which usually help repair when the organ is damaged. The "mini" organ structures that these cells can produce in vitro are relatively simple, but they can still be used to study the core functions of organs. The "mini" liver, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas produced by this method are very helpful for testing drugs.
Among these in vitro "mini" organs, the "mini" small intestine has proven its practical value in the development of new drugs. Scientists from the Hubrecht Institute in the Netherlands have obtained small intestine cells from patients with cystic fibrosis and have developed a "mini" small intestine in vitro. When a new drug developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals was used on this "mini" small intestine, the absorption of salt and water in the small intestine mucosa was restored and no inflammatory reaction was caused. Good results in the in vitro "mini" small intestine experiment also allowed the drug to successfully enter clinical trials. However, some scientists have expressed a cautious view on this. Dr. Ming Guoli, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University who uses the "mini" brain to study Zika virus, believes that the "mini" organ in vitro lacks immune cells, so when screening drugs for viruses, it is impossible to completely replicate the body. The true situation.
So the "mini" organ cultured in vitro can be used as an organ transplant? At least not yet, the "mini" liver and small intestine cultured in vitro have been successfully transplanted into mice and function normally. However, for the human body, these "mini" organs are still too small. Scientists are looking for ways to make these organs grow bigger. Dr. James Wells of the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati, USA, said: "We may have at least a decade away from applying to human organ transplants. But if I go back ten years ago, I can't imagine that we can grow these in petri dishes now. 'Mini' organ comes."
We hope that the research on these in vitro "mini" organs can develop rapidly and create more and more realistic artificial organs at an early date for the benefit of more patients.
Reference materials:
[1] Lab-grown mini-organs help model disease, test new drugs
[2] A functional CFTR assay using primary cystic fibrosis intestinal organoids
[3] Using brain organoids to understand Zika virus-induced microcephaly
[4] Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids: using principles of developmental biology to grow human tissues in a dish
(In vitro cultured "mini" stomach image source: sciencemag)
These "mini" organs, which are made in the laboratory, are very small, but structurally mimic the fine structures inside many organs, such as the renal tubules inside the kidneys, the folds of the cerebral cortex, and the mucosa and the small intestine. Fluff. However, there are many differences between them and real human organs. The most important difference is that these in vitro "mini" organs lack blood vessels, and blood is essential for the growth and normal function of human organs. Therefore, these "mini" organs can only be in a "mini" state forever, and it is not possible to produce any extracorporeal organs that are close to the actual size. The rigorous scientists refer to these “mini†organs in vitro as “organs,†which mimic the earliest processes of organ formation and can be used to study how factors such as genetic mutations affect the function of normal organs.
The source of stem cells has a large impact on the formation of "mini" organs. Some researchers use pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells induced from somatic cells, which are theoretically capable of differentiating into any type of cell in the body. "Mini" organs grown from pluripotent stem cells are very useful for studying early organ development. For example, in a recent study on Zika virus, researchers studied the effects of the virus on the "mini" brain and found that the virus can kill neural precursor cells, thereby slowing brain development and leading to neonatal small head disease. Appearance.
Other researchers use stem cells found in various organs, which usually help repair when the organ is damaged. The "mini" organ structures that these cells can produce in vitro are relatively simple, but they can still be used to study the core functions of organs. The "mini" liver, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas produced by this method are very helpful for testing drugs.
Among these in vitro "mini" organs, the "mini" small intestine has proven its practical value in the development of new drugs. Scientists from the Hubrecht Institute in the Netherlands have obtained small intestine cells from patients with cystic fibrosis and have developed a "mini" small intestine in vitro. When a new drug developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals was used on this "mini" small intestine, the absorption of salt and water in the small intestine mucosa was restored and no inflammatory reaction was caused. Good results in the in vitro "mini" small intestine experiment also allowed the drug to successfully enter clinical trials. However, some scientists have expressed a cautious view on this. Dr. Ming Guoli, a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University who uses the "mini" brain to study Zika virus, believes that the "mini" organ in vitro lacks immune cells, so when screening drugs for viruses, it is impossible to completely replicate the body. The true situation.
So the "mini" organ cultured in vitro can be used as an organ transplant? At least not yet, the "mini" liver and small intestine cultured in vitro have been successfully transplanted into mice and function normally. However, for the human body, these "mini" organs are still too small. Scientists are looking for ways to make these organs grow bigger. Dr. James Wells of the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati, USA, said: "We may have at least a decade away from applying to human organ transplants. But if I go back ten years ago, I can't imagine that we can grow these in petri dishes now. 'Mini' organ comes."
We hope that the research on these in vitro "mini" organs can develop rapidly and create more and more realistic artificial organs at an early date for the benefit of more patients.
Reference materials:
[1] Lab-grown mini-organs help model disease, test new drugs
[2] A functional CFTR assay using primary cystic fibrosis intestinal organoids
[3] Using brain organoids to understand Zika virus-induced microcephaly
[4] Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids: using principles of developmental biology to grow human tissues in a dish
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